Early childhood teachers' preparation and the quality of program outcomes

The issue of the preparation of effective teachers becomes more critical for teachers of early childhood programs. It has been hypothesized that better program quality depends on better-educated teachers. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the importance of a high level of education for all early childhood education teachers. This issue has intrigued early childhood researchers and has prompted a large amount of research studies over the past decades. In order to assess the status of this line of inquiry and to provide guidance for future research, a critical analysis of 40 studies on the preparation of early childhood education teachers and the quality of their educational programs that were published within a 15-year (1989-2004) period is presented here. The analysis consisted of literal and allegorical critical analysis and interpretative critical analyses, which generated results in three main areas that focused on the professional development of the teachers, including teachers' professional development, the importance of a Bachelor's Degree and educational standards for early childhood education teachers.     

An investigation into the information obtained by patients undergoing gastroscopy investigations

? The benefits of informing patients before undergoing surgery or other investigative procedures are clearly demonstrated in the literature. ? This study aimed to determine the amount and type of information given to patients before, during and after undergoing gastroscopy investigations. ? A survey approach incorporating structured interviews and structured observation was utilized. ? There were statistically significant differences between the information acquired by younger and older patients prior to, but not during or after, the procedure. ? Nurses appear to be the most important source of information for older patients while the information leaflet was perceived as the most important source of information for younger patients.     

Influence of Various Immunomodulators on the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Lewis Rats

The effect of various immunomodulators on the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is evaluated in the Lewis rat. Bordetella pertussis (BP) is the optimal inductor of EAE in this rat strain. Treatment of the animals with BP either before or after or simultaneously with guinea-pig spinal cord preparation (GpSC) resulted in an EAE about two weeks thereafter. Additional injection of living BCG, of CFA, IFA (incomplete Freund's adjuvant) or Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) did not augment or mitigate the effect induced by BP or GpSC. Living BCG, IFA, VCN or Corynebacterium parvum (CP) did not induce EAE when given in combination with GpSC but without BP. CFA combined with GpSC only occasionally induced EAE. However, EAE could be induced by the combination of CFA and GpSC or IFA and GpSC in a part of the animals tested if they had been pretreated or simultaneously been injected with living BCG by intravenous route. EAE could not be enhanced by the additional injection of VCN. Surprisingly, most of the animals peracutely died after injection of CFA and BP in combination with GpSC when they had been pretreated with CP. This effect was most pronounced when pretreatment was done on day -4. No acute effect could be seen when CP was given simultaneously to CFA, BP and GpSC. Animals which did not peracutely succumb developed EAE similarly as those in the positive control groups. CP treatment simultaneously with BP but without CFA resulted in a reduction of the EAE specific mortality. This reduction could not be seen if treatment with CP was done after injection of GpSC and BP.     

The Study of Passive Membrane Properties and Morphology Reveals Neuronal Differences Along the Sagittal Axis of the Ventral Periaqueductal Grey Matter

The membrane properties of the neurons located in the ventral part of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) of the guinea-pig were studied using an in vitro slice preparation. Cells had low values of resting membrane potential (-53.3 +/- 1.3 mV, mean +/- standard error), high input resistance (195. +/- 16.2 M ohm) and moderate values of membrane time constant (12.6 +/- 0.7 ms). The last two parameters changed as recordings were made along the sagittal axis, higher values corresponding to the more rostral cells. Three main neuronal types-fusiform, triangular and stellate-were found in the ventral PAG using intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow. A study of the cell number and cell density was carried out in coronal and sagittal sections of the ventral PAG. This analysis showed a clear gradient of size in this region arising from the gradual disappearance of large (17 to 40 microm) neurons in the caudorostral direction. The neuronal density also increased in this direction. Therefore, some electrotonic and morphological parameters differ along the sagittal axis. These findings suggest a larger neuronal heterogeneity of the caudal part of the PAG, and might contribute to a functional segregation of this region.     

Cytologic diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma of the liver with fine-needle biopsy.

We present the cytopathologic findings in seven cases of cavernous hemangiomas of the liver diagnosed by direct "squash" smears made on tissue obtained through image-guided fine-needle biopsy. The diagnosis in each case was confirmed histologically. Utilizing this simple cytologic technique, the morphologic findings in these common hepatic lesions are as accurate and diagnostic as histologic examination.     

草分枝杆菌制剂对大鼠膀胱癌的抑制作用

目的 探讨草分枝杆菌制剂连续膀胱灌注对大鼠膀胱肿瘤生长的抑制作用和机制。方法40只雌性Wistar大鼠，随机分为对照组（n=20）和草分枝杆菌组（n=20），制作N-甲基亚硝基脲诱导大鼠原位膀胱癌模型，于第8周开始分别行生理盐水和草分枝杆菌制剂连续膀胱灌注，每周1次，共6次。于第14周进行病理观察、测量膀胱总重量，微血管密度（MVD）和凋亡指数（AI）。结果 第14周时，对照组（n=16）和草分枝杆菌组（n=14）大鼠膀胱均可见明显肿物，光镜下可见癌组织侵入肌层。草分枝杆菌组大鼠膀胱的重量和肿瘤的MVD小于对照组（t=2．609，P=0．048；t=2．124，P=0．043）；草分枝杆菌组大鼠膀胱肿瘤的灿小于对照组但无统计学意义（t=0．583，P=0．565）。结论 草分枝杆菌制剂连续膀胱灌注可抑制大鼠膀胱肿瘤生长，可能与抑制肿瘤血管生长有关。     

(S)-(—)-氨氯地平苯磺酸盐二水合物的制备

氨氯地平消旋体经D-(—)-酒石酸拆分,得到(S)-(—)-氨氯地平,再与苯磺酸成盐制得钙通道阻滞剂(S)-(—)-氨氯地平苯磺酸盐二水合物,收率67%,光学纯度近100%.     

项目管理在提高门诊肠镜患者肠道准备合格率中的应用

目的 探讨项目管理在提高门诊肠镜患者肠道准备合格率中的应用效果.方法 成立项目管理团队,对门诊肠镜患者肠道准备合格率进行调查,找出影响合格率亟待改进的问题,实施项目管理,项目管理运用后再次进行调查,将调查结果与实施前进行比较.结果 项目管理实施后门诊肠镜患者肠道准备合格率显著高于实施前(P<0.01).结论 实施项目管...     

根管锥度和循环疲劳对牙根力学性能的影响

目的：分析根管预备锥度和循环疲劳对离体牙根力学性能的影响。方法：将32颗离体下颌第一前磨牙随机分成4组,每组8颗牙齿,截冠后将每组的牙根分别预备成0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08锥度,使用侧方加压充填根管。随后每组中随机抽取4颗牙根做循环疲劳实验,疲劳前后均做扫描电镜观察牙根表面形态,最后对所有牙根进行抗压强度测试。结果：各锥度组随锥度的增大牙根抗压强度值有降低趋势,但无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;疲劳实验后0.08锥度牙根表面裂纹明显多于疲劳前,疲劳实验中实验组和对照组两组离体牙根抗压强度值无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;且疲劳和锥度两因素之间没有交互作用（P〉0.05）。结论：根管预备后锥度在0.08以内对牙根的整体抗压性能和抗疲劳性能无明显影响。     

浅谈固体制剂生产偏差的管理

目的对固体制剂生产中的偏差管理进行探讨。方法介绍偏差及偏差管理的相关概念,结合GMP规范的具体要求,阐述了固体制剂生产的偏差范围、偏差处理程序及具体的实施方法。结果与结论在固体制剂生产中,偏差管理贯穿于固体制剂生产的全过程,是质量保证体系的重要组成部分。