Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

1. Download : Download high-res image (231KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

A Preliminary Study of the Population-Adjusted Effectiveness of Substance Abuse Prevention Programming: Towards Making IOM Program Types Comparable

The Institute of Medicine distinguishes between programs based on who is targeted: the entire population (universal), those at risk (selective), or persons exhibiting the early stages of use or related problem behavior (indicated). Evaluations suggest that although universal programs can be effective in reducing and preventing substance use, selective and indicated programs are both more effective and have greater cost-benefit ratios. This paper tests these assumptions by comparing the impact of these program types in reducing and preventing substance use at the individual level (i.e., those exposed to intervention services) and in the population (i.e., those exposed and not exposed to intervention services). A meta-analysis was performed on 43 studies of 25 programs to examine program comparability across IOM categories. When examining unadjusted effect sizes at the individual level, universal programs were modestly more successful in reducing tobacco use, but selective and indicated programs were modestly more successful in reducing alcohol and marijuana use. When adjusted to the population level, the average effect sizes for selective and indicated programs were reduced by approximately half. At the population level, universal programs were more successful in reducing tobacco and marijuana use and selective and indicated programs were more successful in reducing alcohol use. Editors’ Strategic Implications: The authors’ focus on the public health value of a prevention strategy is compelling and provides a model for analyses of other strategies and content areas.     

Misoprostol in preventing postpartum hemorrhage: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess misoprostol's ability to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) where no alternatives exist. Comparison to oxytocics demonstrates how similarly misoprostol achieves a level of effectiveness-obtainable only in hospitals-in remote locations around the world. METHOD: Using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model and the DerSirmonian and Laird random-effects model, summary statistics indicated that misoprostol's excess risk of PPH was only 4% when compared to oxytocics. RESULT: This risk difference was well within the range of expected results for all uterotonic agents and does not warrant branding misoprostol as an inferior drug. CONCLUSION: Conventional uterotonic drugs should not be used to set the lowest-accepted level of effectiveness in settings where they are entirely unsuitable. Continuing to weigh the benefits of one effective drug against another only delays the distribution of misoprostol in countries where it is the only feasible choice and must be measured against no treatment at all.     

Sensitivity of effect variables in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of 130 placebo controlled NSAID trials controlled NSAID trials

In a meta-analysis of placebo controlled NSAID trials, the sensitivity of the effect variables was calculated as the correlation coefficient and as the difference between drug and placebo, divided by the placebo group standard deviation. The patient's global evaluation was the most sensitive variable overall. Pain was more sensitive than Ritchie's index. Several variables may be omitted from clinical trials, especially if two active drugs are being compared. For example, the best maximum estimate for the difference in ESR between NSAADs and placebo was 1.0 mm/hr (95% confidence interval −1.5 to 3.4 mm/hr), and for joint size 0.44% (−1.0 to 1.9%), corresponding to a quarter of a millimeter for each of the 10 joints usually measured. It is suggested to record only the patient's global evaluation, pain, and morning stiffness.     

绝经后高血压危险因素的Meta分析

背景 流行病学研究表明,绝经后女性的高血压患病率高于老年男性。近年来,有关绝经后高血压的临床表现、病理特征、发病机制、治疗方法等受到越来越多的关注,但由于受到研究设计、样本量、人群特征、资源不足等因素的影响,其危险因素的研究结果不一致且缺乏全面报道。目的 运用系统评价方式探讨女性绝经后高血压的危险因素,为更好地预防和管理绝经后高血压提供循证证据。方法 于2022年1—5月,计算机检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、EmBase、the Cochrane Library、Web of Science电子数据库,获取与绝经后高血压危险因素相关的队列及病例对照研究。检索时限为建库起至2022-05-20。由2名研究者独立根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料,采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表（NOS）对所提取的文献进行偏倚风险评估,将得分≥6分（高质量）的文献纳入研究,最后采用RevMan 5.3对其进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇文献,5篇为队列研究,5篇为病例对照研究,共涉及16个危险因素,总样本量为34 864,且均为高质量文献。Meta分析结果显示,...     

The vaginal microbiota and its association with human papillomavirus,Chlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

The vaginal microbiota may modulate susceptibility to human papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Persistent infection with a carcinogenic HPV is a prerequisite for cervical cancer, and C. trachomatis, N. gonorrheae and M. genitalium genital infections are all associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and subsequent infertility issues.

Attachment security: a meta-analysis of maternal mental health correlates

This meta-analysis addresses the association between attachment security and each of three maternal mental health correlates. The meta-analysis is based on 35 studies, 39 samples, and 2,064 mother-child pairs. Social-marital support (r = .14; based on 16 studies involving 17 samples and 902 dyads), stress (r = .19; 13 studies, 14 samples, and 768 dyads), and depression (r = .18; 15 studies, 19 samples, and 953 dyads) each proved significantly related to attachment security. All constructs showed substantial variance in effect size. Ecological factors and approach to measuring support may explain the heterogeneity of effect sizes within the social-marital support literature. Effect sizes for stress varied according to the time between assessment of stress and assessment of attachment security. Among studies of depression, clinical samples yielded significantly larger effect sizes than community samples. We discuss these results in terms of measurement issues (specifically, overreliance on self-report inventories) and in terms of the need to study the correlates of change in attachment security, rather than just the correlates of attachment security per se.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与缺血性脑卒中发病风险相关性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染与缺血性脑卒中（IS）发病风险的相关性。方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、The Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、WanFang、VIP等数据库。搜集Hp感染与IS发病风险相关性的观察性研究,检索时限从建库至2020年12月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取信息并评价纳入研究的质量及偏倚风险,采用Stata软件进行meta分析。结果 共纳入26项比较,发表在24篇文献中,涉及111 059例患者,包括19项病例对照研究,7项队列研究。文献质量均评价为中高水平。meta分析结果显示:Hp感染可增加IS的发病风险 [OR（95%CI） = 1.52（1.31～1.77）,P＜0.01]。以研究类型[病例对照研究（OR = 1.69）]、Hp感染检测指标[Hp - IgG（OR = 1.42）、CagA - IgG（OR = 2.09）、C - 14（OR = 3.30）]、卒中病因分型[大动脉粥样硬化型（OR = 2.69）]为分类依据进行亚组分析,发现Hp感染可以增加IS的发病风险。结论 Hp感染与IS发病风险具有一定的相关性,但该结论尚需更多高质量病因学研究进一步证实。