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Introduction: Boron-containing compounds induce effects on immune responses. Such effects are interesting to the biomedical field for the development of therapeutic tools to modulate the immune system.

Areas covered: The scope of BCC use to modify immune responses is expanding, mainly with regard to inflammatory diseases. The information was organized to demonstrate the breadth of reported effects. BCCs act as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity, with the former including regulation of cluster differentiation and cytokine production. In addition, BCCs exert effects on inflammation induced by infectious and noninfectious agents, and there are also reports regarding their effects on mechanisms involving hypersensitivity and transplants. Finally, the authors discuss the beneficial effects of BCCs on pathologies involving various targets and mechanisms.

Expert opinion: Some BCCs are currently used as drugs in humans. The mechanisms by which these BCCs modulate immune responses, as well as the required structure–activity relationship for each observed mechanism of action, should be clarified. The former will allow for the development of improved immunomodulatory drugs with extensive applications in medicine. Patenting trends involve claims concerning the synthesis and actions of identified molecules with a defined profile regarding cytokines, cell differentiation, proliferation, and antibody production.  相似文献   

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We find ourselves in an era of unprecedented growth in the development and use of so-called “orphan” drugs to treat rare diseases, which are poised to represent more than one-fifth of pharmaceutical expenditures by 2022. This widespread use has been facilitated by legislative and regulatory incentives in both the United States and abroad, yet US payers and health systems have not yet made a concerted effort to understand whether and how rare diseases require special considerations on their part and how to adapt traditional methods of health technology assessment and economic evaluation to accommodate these situations. In this article, we explore the general ethical dilemmas that rare diseases present, steps taken by health technology assessment bodies worldwide to define the level of rarity that would necessitate special measures and the modifications to their assessment and valuation processes needed, and the contextual components for rare-disease evaluation that lie outside of the assessment framework as a guide to US decision makers on constructing a formal and relevant process stateside.  相似文献   
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Bone health and oral health   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
BACKGROUND: Low bone mass in the skeleton, which increases the risk of osteoporotic fracture, also may be associated with periodontal bone loss and tooth loss. Osteoporosis and periodontal disease share several common risk factors, including older age, smoking and perhaps insufficient dietary intakes of calcium and vitamin D. CONCLUSION: Research supports the idea that osteoporosis independently influences alveolar bone height loss. Strategies for reducing osteoporosis risk also may help retard alveolar bone loss. Meeting dietary intake recommendations for calcium and vitamin D is one strategy that is appropriate for a broad segment of the population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A healthy lifestyle has multiple benefits for the mouth and throughout the body. Dental professionals can play a role in preventing osteoporosis by reinforcing this message.  相似文献   
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AIM: The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the percentage and identity of antibiotic-resistant species in subgingival plaque and saliva samples from chronic periodontitis patients treated by scaling and root planing followed by orally administered amoxicillin or metronidazole. METHOD: In all, 20 chronic periodontitis patients were selected for study. After clinical and microbiological monitoring, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either orally administered amoxicillin at the dosage of 500 mg, 3 times daily for 14 days or orally administered metronidazole at the dosage of 250 mg, 3 times daily for 14 days. For the antibiotic resistance determinations, subgingival plaque samples were taken from six posterior teeth at baseline, and 90 days; and from two randomly selected teeth at 3, 7 and 14 days during and after antibiotic administration. Samples were plated on enriched blood agar plates with or without either 2 micro g/mL metronidazole or 2 micro g/mL amoxicillin. Colonies were counted at 7 days. Significant differences in percentage of resistant organisms over time were determined by the Quade test. Microbial growth was washed from antibiotic-containing media and the identity of species determined using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Data were compared with those obtained in a previous study from subjects receiving SRP only or SRP followed by 14 days of orally administered doxycycline. The level of doxycycline used to determine antibiotic resistance in that study was 4 micro g/mL. RESULTS: The mean percentage of resistant isolates increased during antibiotic administration and returned to baseline levels by 90 days post therapy. The mean percentages (+/- SEM) of isolates resistant to 2 micro g/mL metronidazole were 53 +/- 9, 65 +/- 9, 79 +/- 4 and 69 +/- 7 at baseline, 3, 7 and 14 days during antibiotic administration, and 57 +/- 4, 64 +/- 5, 62 +/- 7 and 47 +/- 6 at 3, 7, 14 and 90 days after antibiotic administration. At the same time points, the percentage of resistant isolates to amoxicillin was 0.5 +/- 0.2, 22 +/- 12, 14 +/- 5 and 37 +/- 11 during, and 31 +/- 11, 8 +/- 3, 3 +/- 2 and 3 +/- 0.6 after, administration. Antibiotic-resistant isolates of resistant species detected during or after therapy were also detected prior to therapy. The most prevalent resistant species in the metronidazole-treated group were: A. naeslundii 1, S. constellatus, A. naeslundii 2, S. mitis, S. oralis, A. odontolyticus, S. sanguis, and in the amoxicillin-treated group: S. constellatus, P. nigrescens, E. saburreum, A. naeslundii 1, S. oralis, P. melaninogenica and P. intermedia. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic antibiotic administration transiently increased the percentage of resistant subgingival species, but a major component of subgingival plaque remained sensitive to the agents during their administration. Antibiotic-resistant isolates of resistant species could be detected in samples both prior to and after therapy. However, % antibiotic-resistant isolates returned to baseline levels 90 days after antibiotic administration.  相似文献   
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OBJECTIVES: Sex hormones have long been considered to play an influential role on periodontal tissues, bone turnover rate, wound healing and periodontal disease progression. The objectives of this review article are to (1) address the link between sex hormones and the periodontium, (2) analyse how these hormones influence the periodontium at different life times and (3) discuss the effects of hormone supplements/replacement on the periodontium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two autonomous searches were performed in English language utilizing Medline, Premedline and Pubmed as the online databases. Publications up to 2002 were selected and further reviewed. In addition, a manual search was also performed including specific related journals and books. RESULTS: It is certain that sexual hormones play a key role in periodontal disease progression and wound healing. More specifically, these effects seem to differentiate by gender as well as lifetime period. In addition, the influence of sex hormones can be minimized with good plaque control and with hormone replacement. CONCLUSION: Despite profound research linking periodontal condition with sex hormones kinetics, more definitive molecular mechanisms and therapy still remain to be determined.  相似文献   
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AIM: To identify risk indicators associated with tooth loss and periodontitis in treated patients responsible for arranging supportive periodontal care (SPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven Chinese subjects (34-77 years) who showed favourable responses to periodontal therapy provided in a teaching hospital 5-12 years previously were recalled. They were advised to seek regular SPC on discharge. Background information, general health status, smoking, oral hygiene habits, follow-up dental care, tooth loss, and periodontal parameters were investigated. Multiple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-six teeth had been lost, 195 because of self-reported periodontal reasons. Up to 26.8% sites were with pockets > or =6 mm. Positive correlations were found between total/periodontal tooth loss and (i) smoking pack-years, (ii) time spent on oral hygiene, (iii) years since therapy's conclusion, (iv) age, and negative correlations with (v) inter-dental brush use, and (vi) education levels. Tooth loss by arch was correlated with wearing of removable partial denture in that arch. Percentage sites with pockets > or =6 mm were significantly negatively correlated with percentage sites without bleeding on probing. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers, more elderly patients, removable partial denture wearers, and patients with lower education levels or not using inter-dental brushes ought to be targeted for clinic-based SPC.  相似文献   
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