剖宫产上升原因分析

目的:探讨近年来剖宫产率居高不下的原因,以期降低剖宫产率。方法:对1996年1月至1997年12月489例剖宫产资料及2006年1月至2007年12月1690例剖宫产资料进行回顾性分析。结果:剖宫产率由十年前的18.00%上升到54.22%,明显高于WHO提出的目标。其中社会因素、胎儿宫内窘迫是剖宫产率上升的主要原因。结论:剖宫产率升高的原因主要为无医学指征的剖宫产增多所致.这与医患双方有关,降低剖宫产率不但要提高医护人员的技术水平,也要从患方着手,才能有效的降低剖宫产率。     

重症监护病房患者精神障碍的常见原因及护理对策

目的:为重症监护病房(ICU)患者提供个性化的护理,以减少ICU患者精神障碍的发生。方法:分析和研究ICU患者精神障碍发生的原因,提出相应的护理对策。结果:引起ICU患者精神障碍的常见原因有:疾病因素、中毒、环境因素和个体因素。结论:密切观察患者病情变化、改善ICU的环境、加强与患者有效沟通以及合理使用保护性约束和使用镇静剂等护理措施有利于患者早日康复。     

Causes of secondary glaucoma in Paraguay

Summary Glaucoma is the third-most-frequent cause of blindness in the world, with a total of 5.2 million blind people as a result of this disease; 80 % live in developing countries. In Paraguay, after cataract it is the second-most-frequent-cause. Early detection of the risk factors and groups can help to avoid progress of this disease. Trauma, cataract and infectious uveitis represent special risks for developing secondary glaucoma, which is a more frequent cause of blindness in third-world countries than in industrialized nations. Until now there has been little data regarding the causes, disease course, and options for therapy. Therefore, secondary glaucoma was examined in Paraguay to obtain information on the situation in Latin America. The aim of the study was to explore the causes of secondary glaucoma for programs concerning prevention and therapy. From November 1996 to February 1997 patients with secondary glaucoma were examined at the University Hospital of Asunción, Paraguay. After the clinical examination the secondary glaucomas were classified. Patients with primary glaucoma were included in the same period of time as well in order to get the rate of secondary glaucoma. Altogether 293 patients were examined: 61 with secondary and 232 with primary glaucoma. The causes of secondary glaucoma in 73 eyes were: 20 (27 %) with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, 19 (26 %) with post-traumatic glaucoma, 16 (22 %) with neovascular glaucoma, 4 (5 %) with lens-related glaucoma, 3 (4 %) with glaucoma associated with ocular surgery, 2 (3 %) with pigmentary and 2 (3 %) with corticoid-induced glaucoma. A ratio of 4:1 primary glaucomas to secondary glaucomas was found. The development of special measures for prevention and early therapy is only possible if the causes of this severe disease are explored. The results of this study represent basic information and could help to introduce of prevention programs.      

应用根本原因分析法减少新生儿科高危药物外渗及损伤的实践

目的：探讨根本原因分析法（RCA）在减少新生儿科高危药物外渗及损伤中的作用。方法：对2011年2281例发生静脉输液高危药物外渗的案例进行根本原因分析,并制定改进措施;分析RCA实施前（2011年1-12月）与实施后（2012年1-12月）高危药物外渗发生率与程度。结果：RCA实施后高危药物外渗率及损伤率低于实施前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：运用根本原因分析法能有效找到引起药物外渗及损伤的根本原因,采取相应的措施,提高新生儿科静脉输液的安全性。     

核苷酸类似物治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡原因分析

目的探讨接受核苷（酸）类似物治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者对生存期和死亡原因的影响.方法在60例失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化死亡患者中,20例曾接受过抗病毒治疗,40例未曾抗病毒治疗.结果两组在肝性脑病、上消化道出血、肝肾综合征和感染的发生率方面比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;在性别、年龄、肝炎病程和肝功能分级方面比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;抗病毒组和未抗病毒组患者肝硬化病程分别为62.5±41.1月和30.5±45.0月（P〈0.05）,3年生存率为75.0%和37.5%（P〈0.01）,但在5年、7年和9年生存率方面比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）.结论抗病毒治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化能提高3年生存率,但不能避免并发症的发生.     

Pattern of in-hospital pediatric mortality over a 3-year period at University teaching hospitals in Iran

Introduction:

Causes of death are different and very important for policy makers in different regions. This study was designed to analyze the data for our in-patient children mortality.

Materials and Methods:

In this cross-sectional study from March 2011 to March 2013, all patients from 2 months to 18 years who died in pediatric intensive care unit, emergency room or medical pediatric wards in the teaching hospitals were studied.

Results:

From a total of 18,915 admissions during a 2-year-period, 256 deaths occurred with a mean age of 4.3 ± 5 years and mortality 1.35%. An underlying disease was present in 70.7% of the patients and in 88.5% of them the leading causes of death were related to the underlying diseases. The most common underlying diseases were congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy in 50 (27.6%). The four main causes of deaths were sepsis (14.8%), pneumonia (14.5%), congestive heart failure (9.8%), and hepatic encephalopathy (9.8%).

Conclusion:

We may conclude that after sepsis and pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and hepatic encephalopathy are the leading causes of death. Most patients who died had underlying diseases including malignancies, heart and liver diseases as the most common causes.     

纵折后牙黏结再植治疗后丧失的原因探讨

目的：分析36颗纵折后牙黏接再植后脱落的原因及其预防措施。方法：对2001—2007年进行纵折后牙体外黏结再植术治疗的249颗后牙进行随访观察。定期作临床检查、X线摄影、照像,所有资料存档。共随访到36颗脱落再植牙,其中前磨牙12颗,磨牙24颗。分别从脱落时间、生活习惯、X线检查结果等因素分析牙脱落的原因。结果：牙再植后第3年和第4年脱落最多,分别为7颗和8颗,脱落率分别为19.4%和22.2%。再植牙脱落由吸烟引起的有8颗,由冠折引起的有8颗,脱落牙中有16颗发生牙槽骨广泛吸收。结论：牙再植后第3年和第4年是牙脱落的关键时间,抽烟和冠折是再植牙脱落的主要原因。     

老年高血压患者睡眠障碍原因分析及护理对策

目的:探讨影响老年高血压患者睡眠障碍的原因及相关护理对策.方法:选取2017年6月至2018年6月于首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院诊治的老年高血压患者100例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组50例.对其回顾性分析,探究影响其睡眠障碍的原因.给予相关护理干预措施,比较患者护理干预前后的睡眠质量.比较的标准采用匹兹...     

儿童慢性上气道咳嗽综合征病因及诊断方法探讨

目的探讨儿童慢性上气道咳嗽综合征（UACS）的病因及诊断方法。方法对135例诊断为UACS患儿的病因、临床特点及对治疗反应进行分析。结果135例UACS患儿中3例失访,132例慢性上气道咳嗽综合征患儿病因明确（97.78%）,其中慢性鼻炎67例（49.63%）,鼻窦炎42例（31.11%）,变应性鼻炎22例（16.30%）,腺样体肥大7例（5.19%）,解剖结构异常所致鼻炎1例（0.74%）。主要临床特点是咳嗽135例（100%）,抠鼻孔102例（75.56%）,清喉94例（69.63%）、流涕89例（65.93%）,鼻塞或打鼾78例（57.78%）,打喷嚏71例（52.59%）、咽痒68例（50.37%）、咽部感分泌物下流或异物感63例（46.67%）,张口呼吸45例（33.33%）。治疗12周症状基本消失128例（94.81%）,显效3例（2.22%）,总有效率97.04%（131/135）。结论儿童UACS最常见的三个病因是慢性鼻炎、鼻窦炎及变应性鼻炎,咳嗽是其主要症状,通过详细询问咳嗽特点及其伴随症状,尤其是鼻部症状、检查鼻咽部,97.78%都能明确诊断,经特异积极治疗,绝大部分疗效好。