Lung Ultrasound for the Emergency Diagnosis of Pneumonia,Acute Heart Failure,and Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Asthma in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background

Lung ultrasound can accelerate the diagnosis of life-threatening diseases in adults with respiratory symptoms.

Coexisting Endogenous and Exogenous Llpold Pneumonia and Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in a Patient with Neurodevelopmental Disease

We report a unique case of coexistingexogenous lipoid pneumonia, endogenous lipoid pneumonia (EU), and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in a 5-year-old patient with severe neurodevelop mental disease. The patient presented with gastroesophageal reflux and presumed chronic lung disease resulting from recurrent aspiration pneumonias and succumbed to respiratory failure. The autopsy showed lipid-laden macrophages and periodic acid-SchiJf9ositive granular matm'al i n alveolar spaces and multilamellated structures within both alveolar macrophages and extracellular debris.

These findings were similar to those in previous reports of coexisting E I P and PAP in the setting of gastroesophageal refux [I] . However, the present case diJfered by the presence of scattered large osmiophilic extracellular lipid vacuob. Besides strengthening the association between EIP and PAP and their relationship to gastroesophageal refux, this case suggests that t h q may arise together with exogenous lipoid pneumonia, through related mechanisms, in the setting of neurodevelopmental disease.     

An Autopsy Case of Dermatomyositis with Rapidly Progressive Diffuse Alveolar Damage

A 47-year-old woman visited a clinic with dyspnea which had continued for two months and was followed by general fatigue and fever. Antibiotics were not effective. Edematous erythema occurred on her face, elbows, knees and feet, and she entered our hospital. A skin biopsy revealed interface dermatitis with severe edema and mucinosis in dermis. Diffuse bilateral infiltration was observed in the chest X-ray, and laboratory findings showed increased LDH, GPT, GOT and CPK. No antinuclear factor was detected. Her respiratory condition rapidly worsened, and she died eight days after hospitalization in spite of corticosteroid pulse therapy. The autopsy revealed that the main cause of death was diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Interstitial pneumonia related to dermatomyositis is not histologically uniform; the response to the therapy depends on its histological type. The patients with dermatomyositis who have poor prognosis are clinically characterized by acute onset with general symptoms and less pronounced muscle weakness; they generally show DAD in their lungs. We need to establish a simple method for distinguishing histological types of interstitial pneumonia and adequate therapy for each one.     

Pulmonary fibrosis and lung carcinoma: a comparative study of metaplastic epithelia in honeycombed areas of usual interstitial pneumonia with or without lung carcinoma

Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, has been considered to be associated with a high risk for lung carcinoma. To investigate this well-known but still equivocal relationship, we reviewed the clinical features of UIP autopsy cases with or without lung carcinoma (n = 32 and 38, respectively), and compared the morphology and cell kinetics of metaplastic epithelia in the honeycombed areas (n = 11, each group). Thirty-two of 70 UIP autopsy cases showed lung carcinomas. Clinically, UIP with lung carcinoma showed a male predominance (P = 0.001), a higher rate of smoking history (P = 0.001) and a later onset of UIP (P = 0.02), compared with UIP without lung carcinoma. Most of the carcinomas were peripheral in origin (90%), and 65% were topographically associated with honeycombed areas or the border between honeycombing and non-fibrotic areas. Quantitative assessment of the metaplastic epithelia in the honeycombed areas revealed that squamous metaplasia, but not cuboidal cell metaplasia or bronchial cell metaplasia, occurred more frequently in UIP with lung carcinoma than in UIP without lung carcinoma (P = 0.02). There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the labeling indexes of Ki-67 and p53 in the metaplastic epithelia, including squamous metaplasia. The degree of atypical squamous metaplasia was not different between the two groups. The quantitative predominance of squamous metaplasia in the honeycombed areas may not be a precursor for lung carcinoma, but might reflect a constitutional susceptibility of UIP patients to develop a lung carcinoma.     

Mixed microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children

Seven paediatric studies on community-acquired pneumonia with serological methods for both viruses and bacteria have been published, allowing the evaluation of concomitant multiple etiological findings. In these studies, dual viral infection has been present in 0-14%, dual bacterial infection likewise in 0-14%, and mixed viral-bacterial infection in 3-30% of the pneumonia cases. The results confirm former clinical observations that respiratory viruses often pave the way for airway-colonising bacteria. The measured frequency of multiple infections has been dependent on the available test panel, mainly on the tests used for pneumococcal aetiology. Mixed viral-bacterial infections have been especially common in young children under 2 years of age, reflecting the high frequency of respiratory syncytial virus infections and their tendency to induce bacterial co-infections. No microbe-specific viral-bacterial associations have been demonstrated. The clinical implications of mixed viral-bacterial infections, compared with viral infections alone or bacterial infections alone, have so far remained unresolved. Current guidelines recommend antibiotic therapy for all community-acquired pneumonia cases in children.     

肺炎性假瘤24例的临床X线误诊分析

目的探讨肺炎性假瘤的临床与X线误诊原因;方法依据临床与X线资料分析;结果均有不同程度的呼吸道症状,有14例痰中带血丝。肿块直径小于4cm11例,密度高而均匀,边缘光整,误诊为肺良性肿瘤。肿块直径大于4cm13例,密度不太均,边缘有分叶或有毛刺,误诊为肺癌;结论临床上多无急慢性感染症状,本病与其他占位性病变极相似,缺少特征,对本病缺乏认识是导致误诊的主要原因。肿块邻近胸膜,边缘出现尖角征,动态变化缓慢这3点对提高正确诊断率有独特的价值。     

扶正活血解毒中药治疗小儿病毒性肺炎临床观察

目的:观察扶正活血解毒中药治疗小儿病毒性肺炎的临床治疗效果.方法:用扶正活血解毒中药组方,并结合雾化吸入辨证治疗小儿病毒性肺炎42例,并随机设对照组30例,观察肺部体征及临床症状改善情况.结果:治疗组临床治愈率高,时间缩短,明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:扶正活血解毒中药口服结合雾化吸入治疗小儿病毒性肺炎是临床有效疗法.     

61例传染性非典型肺炎初期患者胸片变化的回顾性分析

目的了解传染性非典型肺炎疾病初期肺部炎症变化的规律,为早期诊断及治疗提供依据.方法搜集61例传染性非典型肺炎患者入院后第1～5日的胸片,对其进行回顾性分析.结果传染性非典型肺炎肺部炎症在疾病初期(入院5日内)呈现逐渐进展的趋势,但其进展趋势相对平稳,未见突然恶化或好转者.结论将"抗菌药物治疗无明显效果"作为传染性非典型肺炎的重要诊断依据;其疾病初期进展平稳,没有必要预防性地使用糖皮质激素.     

早期无创正压通气治疗在重症肺炎中的观察

目的：探讨早期无创正压通气在重症肺炎中的效果。方法：选取2010年1月～2013年10月我科收治的重症肺炎46例,在常规治疗上,治疗组31例给予早期无创通气,记录二组呼吸频率、心率、PH、PaO2、PaCO2、气管插管率等,作统计学分析。结果：治疗48h后,治疗组呼吸窘迫得到明显缓解,氧分压改善,心率下降,气管插管率降低,有显著差异（P＜0.05）, PH、PaCO2的变化无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：重症肺炎患者早期使用无创正压通气治疗,可以纠正缺氧,改善氧合及自觉症状,一定程度上避免有创通气,从而改善预后。