基因工程菌发酵表达核苷磷酸化酶条件的优化

目的 优化苷磷酸化酶（包括嘌呤和嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶）基因工程菌的发酵表达条件。方法通过工程菌摇瓶培养,测定吸光度D值,考马斯亮蓝（Bradford）法测定蛋白,SDS—PAGE电泳和凝胶成像扫描分析表达量,优化表达条件;通过正交试验优化50L发酵罐发酵条件。结果摇瓶培养起始pH为7．0～7．2,于30℃培养4h,加入终浓度为0．4mmol／L的异丙基硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导8h后收获菌体,可得到较高的生物量和重组酶蛋白表达量。50L发酵罐的最佳条件为起始pH为7．0～7．2,于32oC培养4h,加入终浓度为0．4mm01／L的IPTG诱导9h后收获菌体,每升发酵液可得2g以上的酶蛋白。结论基因工程菌发酵表达核苷磷酸化酶产量较高,可工业化生产．为酶法合成核苷酸类似物的研究奠定了基础。     

Inhibition of Intestinal Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphorylases

The activity of 5-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (dFUR) depends on its activation to 5-fluorouracil (FU) by pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases. These enzymes are found in tumors and normal tissues, with the highest activity in the small intestines. The present study examined the inhibition of dFUR phosphorolysis in intestinal tissues. dFUR metabolism in intestinal homogenates was inhibited by uracil (U), uridine (UR), and thymidine (TdR), which are the normal substrates for the phosphorylases. Conversely dFUR reduced the metabolism of these inhibitors. A good agreement was found between the observed data and the computer-fitted data using the equations for competitive inhibition between dFUR and the inhibitors. In the absence of inhibitors, the V _max of dFUR phosphorolysis was 47.1 ± 4.9 µM/min and the apparent K _m was 910 ± 167 µM. The V _max was unaltered by the inhibitors, while the K _m was increased with increasing inhibitor concentrations. The maximal inhibition of dFUR metabolism by UR and TdR was about 80%. The K _i,'s were 372 µM for U, 87.2 µM for UR, and 112 µM for TdR and are orders of magnitude higher than their reported endogenous serum concentrations. The rate of dFUR phosphorolysis to FU in the intact intestinal epithelial crypt cells, indicated by the ratio of FU to dFUR in the intracellular fluid, was reduced by UR in a concentration-dependent fashion. These data indicate that the naturally occurring pyrimidines inhibit competitively the dFUR metabolism by the intestinal phosphorylases, that this inhibition occurs at concentrations much higher than the circulating endogenous levels, and that phosphorolysis is the major route of dFUR metabolism.     

Modulation of carcinogen metabolism and DNA interaction by calcium glucarate in mouse skin.

Almost all the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) require metabolic activation to exert their carcinogenic activity. Environmental carcinogen [(3)H] benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is carcinogenic only after its metabolic transformation to a reactive intermediate, which can then bind to cellular macromolecules. Inhibition of dimethylbenz anthracene- (DMBA-) DNA binding generally accompanied inhibition of tumor initiation as most inhibitors of initiation interfere with the metabolic activation of the initiator. The importance of carcinogen-DNA interaction and the enzymes involved in the metabolism of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons has led to a search for inhibitors that would be useful in modifying the cancer-causing effects of the PAHs. We tested the effect of calcium glucarate (Cag), a naturally occurring nontoxic compound, on carcinogen metabolism and DNA interaction. Cag inhibited [(3)H] BP binding to both calf thymus DNA in vitro and to epidermal DNA in vivo. Application of Cag to mouse skin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of [(3)H] BP binding to epidermal DNA. To establish the relevance of the in vivo results to the in vitro situation, we followed the in vitro effect of Cag on [(3)H] BP binding to calf thymus DNA and observed that Cag inhibited the [(3)H] BP binding to calf thymus DNA in the presence of microsomes prepared from animals treated with DMBA. We also studied related events like DNA synthesis and carcinogen metabolism. For assessing the DNA synthesis, thymidine kinase was used as marker. Cag caused a dose-dependent inhibition of DMBA-induced thymidine kinase activity. At the same time, Cag caused a marked inhibition of DMBA-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of PAHs like BP, both in vivo and in vitro. Our study indicates that Cag exerted its antitumor effect possibly by inhibiting the carcinogen-DNA binding, which appears to be due to reduced DNA synthesis and AHH activity.     

Uracil in DNA: consequences for carcinogenesis and chemotherapy

The synthesis of thymidylate (TMP) occupies a convergence of two critical metabolic pathways: folate metabolism and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Thymidylate is formed from deoxyuridylate (dUMP) using N(5),N(10)-methylene tetrahydrofolate. The metabolic relationship between dUMP, TMP, and folate has been the subject of cancer research from prevention to chemotherapy. Thymidylate stress is induced by nutritional deficiency of folic acid, defects in folate metabolism, and by antifolate and fluoropyrimidine chemotherapeutics. Both classes of chemotherapeutics remain mainstay treatments against solid tumors. Because of the close relationship between dUMP and TMP, thymidylate stress is associated with increased incorporation of uracil into DNA. Genomic uracil is removed by uracil DNA glycosylases of base excision repair (BER). Unfortunately, BER is apparently problematic during thymidylate stress. Because BER requires a DNA resynthesis step, elevated dUTP causes reintroduction of genomic uracil. BER strand break intermediates are clastogenic if not repaired. Thus, BER during thymidylate stress appears to cause genome instability, yet might also contribute to the mechanism of action for antifolates and fluoropyrimidines. However, the precise roles of BER and its components during thymidylate stress remain unclear. In particular, links between BER and downstream events remain poorly defined, including damage signaling pathways and homologous recombination (HR). Evidence is growing that HR responds to persistent BER strand break intermediates and DNA damage signaling pathways mediate cross talk between BER and HR. Examination of crosstalk among BER, HR, and damage signaling may shed light on decades of investigation and provide insight for development of novel chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic approaches.     

Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Spikes of Prunella vulgaris L. Inhibit Glycogen Phosphorylase and Improve Insulin Sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes

Phytochemical investigation of methanol extract from the spikes of Prunella vulgaris L. led to the isolation of two new pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides Vulgasides I (1) and II (2) along with 13 known compounds (3–15). Their structures were established on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D) and mass spectroscopic data analysis. All the isolated compounds were screened for glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory activity and also evaluated for their effect on insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Two new compounds (1, 2) did not demonstrate the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory activity, but other compounds (3–11) exhibited varying degrees of glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values in the range from 30.69 to 68.85 μM. Compounds 3, 6, 7, 11, and 13 demonstrated markedly increased insulin‐mediated glucose consumption in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂山楂酸对小鼠血糖和肝糖原的影响

目的：考察糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂山楂酸对正常和实验性高血糖模型小鼠的降血糖作用及对肝糖原的影响，初步探讨其降糖机制。方法：山楂酸灌胃7天，分别以皮下注射肾上腺素，口服葡萄糖造成小鼠高血糖模型，与正常组一起测定静脉血糖和肝糖原含量结果：山楂酸可显著对抗肾上腺素、葡萄糖引起的血糖升高，对抗肾上腺素引起的肝糖原降解，增加葡萄糖致高血糖小鼠肝糖原含量；可增加正常小鼠肝糖原储备，但不影响正常血糖、结论：山楂酸具有降血糖作用，机制与其抑制肝糖原分解有关。     

中药贝母中水溶性成分的研究

根据4种贝母抑制由PAF诱导血小板聚集部位筛选结果,从平贝母的水溶性活性部位中分得胸苷和腺苷等成分。试验表明腺苷为抑制聚集的主要成分。提示核苷类可能是贝母中除生物碱外的另一类活性成分。     

宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌胸苷酸磷酸化酶表达

目的探讨胸苷酸磷酸化酶(TP)在宫颈上皮内瘤变(CINⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)及宫颈癌发生、发展中的作用及与预后的关系。方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测TP在慢性宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌中的表达。结果TP在宫颈上皮内瘤变中的表达率明显高于慢性宫颈炎;在宫颈癌中的表达率明显高于宫颈上皮内瘤变(P<0.05)及宫颈炎(P<0.05)。在宫颈癌中,TP的表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移及肌层浸润深度有关,与组织学分级无关。结论TP的过度表达与宫颈病变的发生、发展有关,对预测宫颈癌的预后有一定参考价值。     

双孢菇清除·OH自由基作用及对胸腺嘧啶核苷酸（5＇－TMP）辐射防护作用的ESR研究

本实验利用ＥＳＲ技术研究了双孢菇提取物中大、小分子化合物的清除·ＯＨ作用及辐射对胸腺嘧啶核苷酸间接损伤的防护作用。结果表明，双孢菇提取物中大、小分子均有较好的清除·ＯＨ作用，且呈明显量效关系。通过清除·ＯＨ，双孢菇对辐射导致的胸腺嘧啶核苷酸（５＇－ＴＭＰ）的间接损伤有显著防护作用。