下肢严重损伤显微外科修复方法的选择

目的：研究下肢损伤后显微修复方法的最佳选择。方法：对６４４例严重下肢损伤，采用１８种显微外科方法修复。结果：３６４例皮瓣、肌皮瓣均成活，所修复的创面完全愈合；２０４例骨（膜）瓣、骨皮瓣治疗骨缺损、骨折不连接，除８例股骨颈头下型骨折外均愈合。对创伤重、多组血管长段受累、组织缺损范围大，采用对侧胫后血管桥接皮瓣移植修复获得较好效果。结论：对于下肢严重的损伤，采用显微外科方法进行修复，可获得较好的临床效果。     

自体刃厚头皮片移植厚中厚皮片供区以抑制瘢痕增生

目的:探讨应用自体刃厚头皮片移植厚中厚皮片供区以抑制瘢痕增生的可行性及应用效果。方法:烧伤后全身大范围的增生性瘢痕患者24例,行功能部位的增生性瘢痕切除,应用非功能部位的大张厚中厚皮片修复,厚中厚皮片供区应用刃厚头皮片移植修复。结果:24例患者非功能部位厚中厚皮片供区经刃厚头皮片移植后,未见有明显的瘢痕增生。经随访半年至2年11例,2年以上3例,均未见有明显的瘢痕增生。头皮片供区无瘢痕形成,头发生长良好。结论:应用自体刃厚头皮片移植厚中厚皮片供区抑制瘢痕增生是一种可行的方法,值得临床推广。     

Analysis of Human Biologics With a Mouse Skin Transplant Model in Humanized Mice

Preclinical testing of human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies has been limited in murine models due to species differences in pharmacokinetics and biologic responses. To overcome these constraints we developed a murine skin transplant model in humanized mice and used it to test human monoclonal antibody therapy. Neonatal NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc^null mice (NSG) were reconstituted with human CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells (hNSG). When adult, these mice rejected MHC mismatched murine C57BL/6J skin grafts. Rejection required adequate reconstitution with human cells. There was diffuse infiltration of the epidermis and dermis with hCD8 and hCD4 cells in rejected grafts by immunohistochemistry. Studies with B6/MHC class I and II knockout mice donors indicated that neither is required for rejection. Graft rejection was associated with the development of effector and central memory T cells and an increase in serum immunoglobulins. We also tested the effects of teplizumab (anti‐CD3 mAb) and found it could delay skin graft rejection, whereas ipilimumab (anti‐CTLA‐4 [cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4] mAb) treatment accelerated rejection. These findings demonstrate that hNSG mice reliably and predictably reject a xenogenic mouse skin graft by a human T cell mediated mechanism. The model can be utilized to investigate the ability of human immunotherapies to enhance or suppress functional human immune responses.     

Thermal effects in tissues from combined simultaneous coaxial CO2 and Nd:YAG laser beams.

This study examines the depth of thermal coagulation and charring in swine liver, kidney cortex, tongue (inferior surface), skeletal muscle, inflated lung, and skin resulting from in vivo incision with simultaneous coaxial CO2 and Nd:YAG (1.064 microM) laser beams. At values of 20 w and 40 w, respectively, and at values of 30 w and 60 w, respectively, of combined CO2 and Nd:YAG laser radiation, coagulation depths determined histologically in liver were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than in the other tissues and were significantly less in inflated lung (P less than 0.05) than in other tissues for the larger laser power settings employed. Coagulation depths achieved at 10 w and 20 w, respectively, and at 20 w and 40 w, respectively, of CO2 and Nd:YAG laser power were comparable to those obtained by other workers in liver and other relatively vascular tissues using a contact Nd:YAG laser tip. Charring depths obtained at power settings of 30 w (CO2) and 60 w (Nd:YAG) were greater in liver (P less than 0.001) than in all other tissues examined. Hemostasis during incision was achieved only for values of the ratio of CO2 to Nd:YAG laser power in the range 2-3 in the more vascular tissues, liver and kidney cortex, whereas hemostasis was achieved also in the lesser vascular tissues at higher values. These results strongly suggest the usefulness of combined simultaneous CO2 and Nd:YAG laser beams in surgery of the more vascular organs and tissues.     

Short‐term MyD88 inhibition ameliorates cardiac graft rejection and promotes donor‐specific hyporesponsiveness of skin grafts in mice

Recognition of evolutionarily conserved ligands by Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) triggers signaling cascades in innate immune cells to amplify adaptive immune responses. Nearly all TLRs require MyD88 to transduce downstream signaling. MyD88 deficiency has been shown to promote the allograft acceptance in mice. However, direct evidence for therapeutic potential of MyD88 inhibitors remains lacking. Herein, we used a MyD88 inhibitor, namely ST2825, to explore its therapeutic potential and mechanisms in fully allogeneic skin and heart transplant models. Phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells stimulated by TLR ligands was alleviated by ST2825 in parallel with reduced T‐cell proliferation in vitro. A short‐course treatment with ST2825 significantly prolonged cardiac graft survival (mean survival time = 18.5 ± 0.92 days vs. 7.25 ± 0.46 days). ST2825‐treated group had significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines in allografts compared with control group. ST2825 combined with anti‐CD154 induced long‐term skin allograft acceptance in about one‐third of recipients (>100 days). ‘Skin‐tolerant’ recipients showed attenuated donor‐specific IFN‐γ responses, intact IL‐4 responses, and compromised alloantibody responses. We conclude that MyD88 inhibitor ST2825 attenuates acute cardiac rejection and promotes donor‐specific hyporesponsiveness in stringent skin transplant models. The direct evidence suggests that pharmacological inhibition of MyD88 hold promising potential for transplant rejection.     

前臂背侧皮瓣的临床应用

本组病人共１２例，其中肘部外伤性皮肤缺损之例，腕部皮肤缺损４例，面部外伤性皮肤缺损和恶性肿瘤各１例，手背及虎口外伤３例，拇指再造１例，２例顺行设计，１０例逆行岛状转移。皮瓣切取最大范围１２．０ｃｍ×１０．０ｃｍ，最小６．０ｃｍ×５．０ｃｍ，平均７．８ｃｍ×６５ｃｍ。经２～４年随访，皮瓣均生长良好，供瓣区功能无任何异常。在解剖和手术中发现骨间前动脉背侧穿支穿骨间膜部位有２６％稍靠上，设计皮瓣时应稍向上一点，防止蒂部过短转移不到位。在分离蒂部血管时要注意保护好骨间背侧神经。以骨间后动脉和骨间前动脉背侧穿支为血管蒂的前臂背侧皮瓣既可以顺行设计修复前臂和肘部的皮肤缺损，也可以逆行转移修复远端的手部和腕部的皮肤缺损。设计灵活、供皮区损伤小，且血管位置表浅，手术操作简单，是小面积皮肤缺损较为理想的皮瓣。     

小儿骶管麻醉中不同镇静方法镇静效果的研究

目的　评价不同镇静方法在小儿骶管麻醉术中镇静的优缺点 ,从而找到一种较为理想的镇静方法。方法　选择 45例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级在骶管麻醉下行择期下腹部、会阴短小手术的患儿 ,体重 9～ 2 4kg。随机分为氟芬合剂对照组 (I)组、咪唑安定 (M )组和异丙酚 (P)组 ,每组 15例。I组 :氟芬合剂 (芬太尼 2 μg/kg) ;M组 :静脉泵注咪唑安定 1.5～ 2 .0 μg/kg·min ;P组 :静脉泵注异丙酚 2 5～ 75 μg/kg·min。每组患儿术中镇静评分在 2～ 4分。 结果　I组镇静效果比M组和P组差 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,呼吸抑制和术后躁动发生率较高。清醒时间I组比M组和P组延长 ,M组比P组延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　持续静脉泵注异丙酚或咪唑安定是小儿骶管麻醉术中较为理想的镇静方法。     

Ex vivo Search for Sentinel Node in Postmastectomy Specimens: Should We Use a Transverse Incision for Mastectomy?

Background According to the concept of sentinel node (SN), the lymphatic pathway leading to SN should be regarded as the main and the most important lymphatic route from primary tumor to regional lymph nodes. We performed ex vivo blue-dye SN mapping in postmastectomy specimens to assess whether the main lymphatic tract leading to SN is completely removed during mastectomy. We assumed that ex vivo identification of SN may be possible only if the entire lymphatic tract leading to sentinel node is removed from within the postmastectomy specimen. Methods Blue dye (1 mL) was injected intracutaenously, periareolary into each of 28 postmastectomy specimens. In 13 cases mastectomy was performed with the use of transverse skin incision; in 15 cases oblique incision was used. Results The use of transverse skin incision during modified radical mastectomy allowed identification of the sentinel node and removal of the entire lymphatic pathway leading to sentinel node only in 4 of 15 cases (31%). Conversely, the use of oblique skin incision during modified radical mastectomy allowed identification of the sentinel node and removal of the entire lymphatic pathway leading to sentinel node in 12 of 15 cases (80%). Conclusions Our experiment revealed that the use of transverse skin incision during modified radical mastectomy may not be the best choice for breast cancer patients. In our opinion, this observation may be especially important for patients not irradiated postoperatively.     

不同胎龄胎儿皮肤和增生性瘢痕中细胞外信号调节激酶5及MAPKK基因表达的变化

目的　探讨细胞外信号调节激酶 5 (extracellular signalregulatedproteinkinase 5 ,ERK5 )及其上游信号分子MAPKK(MEK5 )在不同胎龄的胎儿皮肤和不同形成时期的增生性瘢痕中的基因表达变化规律。方法　用病理学技术检测不同发育时期的皮肤和增生性瘢痕的结构特征后 ,提取 18例不同胎龄 (13～ 32周 )的胎儿皮肤、6例少儿皮肤、16例不同发生时期的增生性瘢痕 (4个月～ 11年 )和 8例正常皮肤组织的总RNA后 ,用RT PCR方法检测ERK5和MEK5在不同组织中的表达变化特征。结果　随着胎龄的增加 ,胎儿皮肤中ERK5和MEK5基因表达水平逐渐降低 ;而在少儿皮肤中 ,基因的转录本含量明显减少 (P <0 0 5 )。在正常皮肤和不同形成时期的增生性瘢痕中 ,MEK5基因表达水平相近 ,而ERK5基因在正常皮肤中的表达水平较低 ,在增殖期和成熟期瘢痕中表达水平明显增强 (P <0 0 1)。结论　在早期妊娠胎儿皮肤中ERK5和MEK5基因的高表达可能是胎儿皮肤创面无瘢痕愈合的机制之一 ,而增生性瘢痕发生和形成也可能与这两种基因表达增强有关。     

皮下蒂皮瓣与旋转皮瓣在颞部皮肤缺损修复中的联合应用

目的：探讨利用耳前邻近皮瓣与颞区邻近皮瓣联合应用修复颞部皮肤缺损的方法。方法：根据患者颞部皮肤肿物的大小,设计患侧耳前方皮下蒂皮瓣的切取范围并将切口线设计在耳前皱襞上。在颞部肿物外缘向耳上方延长切口线约为皮肤肿物直径的4倍,设计旋转皮瓣。2个皮瓣联合应用,修复颞部较大面积皮肤缺损。供区直接缝合。结果：共施行此类手术12例,患侧皮肤缺损修复满意,切口线相对隐蔽,面部器官形态功能均未受到影响,供区头发自然生长,瘢痕不明显。结论：利用皮下蒂皮瓣与旋转皮瓣联合修复颞部较大面积皮肤缺损,辅助切口少且切口隐蔽,同时皮瓣转移后自然平滑过渡,创面修复满意,无需植皮,瘢痕不明显。