传染病流行的社会因素及社会控制策略刍议

传染病与社会文化因素的关系密切。应重视社会因素对传染病的发生发展影响，从社会根源上探究其发病原理，包括经济因素、科学技术、文化、人口、卫生服务和其它社会因素。人类要有与传染病长期斗争的思想准备，并制定包括大卫生观和技术合作等相应的社会策略。     

Cholesterol-based personal risk assessment in coronary heart disease

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) 1976-1980, we demonstrate how cross-sectional total serum cholesterol surveillance data can be used by an individual to assess current and future personal cholesterol risk status. We propose statistical models, based on a person's current measured cholesterol level and the relationship between cross-sectional age and cholesterol percentile estimates, that will allow prediction of future cholesterol levels or the age at which specified cholesterol risk levels will be reached if no cholesterol-altering intervention is taken. These models incorporate the observed variation in the NHANES II data and expected intraperson biological variation and intralaboratory analytical variation. We illustrate the adequacy of the models using data from the longitudinal Framingham Study.     

Postgraduate qualifications of British doctors

Among British-qualified doctors of 1974 and 1977, about 80% held postgraduate qualifications of some kind. The commonest qualifications were DRCOG, MRCP and MRCOG. There were considerable differences between medical schools in the numbers of qualifiers taking various examinations. Apart from the MRC Psych, DRCOG and Family Planning Certificate, qualifications were more commonly held by men than women. Tables show the type of work being done 9-13 years after leaving medical school by holders of various postgraduate qualifications; e.g. 60% of MRCP holders were working in medicine or a medical specialty and 84% of FRCS holders in general surgery or a surgical specialty. Discussion deals with the plurality, specificity, variability, perceived necessity, sufficiency, international utility and career significance of British postgraduate qualifications.     

云南罗平医院PM调查的分析与对策

文章以云南罗平医院为研究对象,调查了65名一般员工和21名科主任级中层领导,使用PM量表对该医院的高层及中层领导行为进行评估,对情景因素与领导行为的内在联系进行探讨,并提出改进对策。目的是了解员工需求,促进人力资源合理配置,从而提高医院的管理水平。     

颅盖畸形形成机制的研究进展

目的为深入了解颅盖畸形目前在国内外研究中的进展情况,探讨颅缝早闭过程中相关生长因子的作用,为今后的研究工作奠定基础。方法应用计算机检索PubMed数据库,检索英文相关文章,同时检索中国期刊全文数据库的相关中文文章,并查阅相关书籍。对资料进行初审,并查看文献后的引文。纳入与颅盖畸形形成机制有关的内容,排除不相关及重复文章。结果经对收集文章的整理,共纳入23篇文献。对纳入的颅盖畸形形成机制的文献,结合目前国内外研究状况进行综述。结论进一步研究颅缝过早闭合及相关生长因子的作用,将有助于阐明颅盖畸形形成机制,并更好地指导临床治疗。     

Feeding practice of infants and their correlates in urban areas of Beijing, China

BACKGROUND: Optimal feeding practice in the first year of life is crucial for the survival and health of infants, and has long-term consequences in later life. However, non-optimal feeding practices exist widely. The present study aims to explore various constraints to optimal feeding practices in the first year of life of infants in urban areas of Beijing, China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban areas of Beijing from 4 July to 20 August, 1998. Two hundred and fifty-one mothers of infants aged 6-12 months were chosen from six child health centers in three different urban districts in Beijing. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding feeding practices and potentially related factors. RESULTS: Feeding practice for most of the infants was in accordance with the national and international recommendations. However, the rate of incidence of exclusive breast-feeding at 3 months of age was lower than that recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (55.8%), and the introduction of solid/semisolid food before 4 months of age was found in approximately 19.3% of the infants. Cow's milk was given to 21.2% of infants from 6 months of age as the sole source of milk or as a supplement. Maternal education level (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.42-4.19, P < 0.05), employment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.13-3.74, P < 0.05) and antenatal nonexclusive breast-feeding plans (OR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.24-7.50, P < 0.001) were found to be correlated to inappropriate feeding practices. CONCLUSIONS: The feeding practices for most of the urban infants was found to be in accordance with the Chinese government and WHO recommendations; however, non-optimal feeding practices presenting as the early cessation of breast-feeding and the introduction of solid/semisolid foods existed. Information regarding optimal feeding practices should be disseminated to mothers and medical professionals in China, to ensure optimal infant health.     

成纤维细胞生长因子23在血液透析患者磷和维生素D代谢中的作用

目的 探讨成纤维细胞生长因子23（FGF-23）在维持性血液透析（MHD）患者磷和维生素D代谢中的作用及相关调控机制。 方法 采用酶联免疫分析法（ELISA）对59例MHD患者（血透组）及20例健康志愿者（对照组）进行血清全段FGF-23测定，同时应用放免法测定血清1，25-二羟维生素D（1,25(OH)2VitD）水平。血透组患者测定血清白蛋白（Alb）、血红蛋白（Hb）、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）及全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）等指标。 结果 血透组血清FGF-23水平明显高于对照组[（215.23±123.55）比（28.72±11.49） ng/L，P < 0.01]，而血清1,25(OH)2VitD水平明显低于对照组[（13.25±8.73）比（42.24±12.45） μg/L，P < 0.01]。Pearson相关分析显示，血透组血清FGF-23水平与血清P、Scr、Ca、iPTH及透析疗程时间呈正相关（P < 0.05）；与血清1,25(OH)2VitD水平和年龄呈负相关（P < 0.05）；而与性别、血压、血清Alb、Hb、BUN等指标无相关。多元回归分析显示，血清P、Ca、Scr、iPTH和1,25(OH)2VitD是影响血清FGF-23的主要变量，5者组成的模型解释了总变异的约62%（R2=0.623，P < 0.01）。 结论 MHD患者血清全段FGF-23水平明显增高，而1,25(OH)2VitD水平明显降低。FGF-23的调控是由复杂的多种因素共同作用的结果，血清P、Ca、Scr、iPTH和1,25(OH)2VitD是影响血清FGF-23水平的主要调控因子。     

义齿PMMA基托表面粗糙度影响的实验研究

目的：研究技工操作因素对义齿树脂基托表面粗糙度的影响。方法：在不同粉液比、充填时期、聚合温度、混合方式以及出盒温度成型的上颌半口义齿基托上选取1.5cm^2范围，按照统一的打磨顺序，由粗到细打磨抛光完成，浸入冷水中，7天后进行粗糙度测试，所得数据经t检验统计处理。结果：在单体含量降低组、丝状期充填组．热处理时直接放入70℃水中维持9h组与对照组相比，均存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：影响PMMA树脂表面粗糙度的制作工艺因素有单体含量降低、丝状期充填和未经100℃高温热处理。