CD38单克隆抗体治疗复发难治多发性骨髓瘤的疗效

近年来,蛋白酶体抑制剂(PIs)、免疫调节药物(IMiDs)纳入到多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的治疗标准中,改善了MM患者的预后,但MM仍然无法治愈,所有患者最终都会复发。CD38单克隆抗体对复发/难治MM(RRMM)显示出一定的临床疗效,本文将对CD38单克隆抗体的作用机制及两种CD38单克隆抗体isatuximab和daratuumab治疗RRMM的进展进行综述。     

Evaluation of topotecan monotherapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer after amrubicin monotherapy failure

Objective: The utility of topotecan monotherapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) after failure of amrubicin monotherapy has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of topotecan monotherapy in patients with relapsed SCLC after amrubicin monotherapy.Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 16 patients with relapsed SCLC who were treated with topotecan monotherapy after amrubicin monotherapy at our hospital.Results: The response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 0%, 32.5 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 18–51), and 112 days (95% CI = 55–267), respectively. The most common adverse events (grade ≥3) were leukopenia (31.3%) and thrombocytopenia (31.3%), followed by anemia, anorexia, edema, and lung infections.Conclusion: The efficacy of topotecan monotherapy for relapsed SCLC after amrubicin monotherapy is inconclusive. Therefore, further studies are warranted.     

原发性浆细胞白血病肿瘤新生抗原的筛查和预测

[摘要] 目的：采用基因测序技术结合生物信息分析手段探索原发性浆细胞白血病（PCL）的肿瘤新生抗原。方法：采集1 例原发性PCL患者复发期和缓解期的外周血样本,利用基于序列分型的聚合酶链式反应进行HLA分型,利用二代测序技术对全外显子组和转录组进行测序,利用生物信息学软件NetMHCpan预测新生抗原。结果：该患者复发期外周血中发现6 个肿瘤特异的错义突变基因,分别为FRG1、MLL3、SVIL、MYOM1、ZDHHC11、RFPL4A基因;结合患者的HLA亚型,通过生物信息预测出43条新生抗原。优先选取表达水平较高的FRG1 和MLL3 基因突变所产生的20 条新生抗原,其中4 条新生抗原高度亲合患者的HLA分子,具有潜在的临床应用价值。结论：完成了1 例原发性PCL肿瘤新生抗原的筛查和预测,实践说明基于肿瘤特异的体细胞突变预测新生抗原的方法对于原发性PCL同样可行。     

吉西他滨组成方案挽救治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤的疗效与安全性分析

目的:探讨GDP和GemOx方案治疗复发难治性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的早期疗效及安全性。方法:选取本院2016年1月至2017年8月收治的复发难治性弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤及复发难治性NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者共52例,其中25例接受 GDP方案化疗,27例接受GemOx方案化疗。观察两组患者早期临床疗效和毒副反应。结果:GDP方案组患者总有效率52.00%,GemOx方案组患者总有效率59.26%。两种方案的主要毒副反应均为轻度的消化道反应、血液学毒性及转氨酶升高。结论:以吉西他滨为基础的联合化疗方案可作为复发难治性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗选择。     

Inotuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Despite an improved understanding of disease biology and the use of multi‐agent chemotherapy, the long‐term survival of adults with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) ranges from 35% to 50%. Management of patients with relapsed B‐ALL, a group characterized by dismal outcomes, poses a clinical challenge. To address this unmet need, novel therapeutics are being investigated in the setting of relapsed B‐ALL with encouraging results. CD22 is an important B‐cell antigen expressed in 80‐90% of B‐ALL cases. CD22 undergoes constitutive endocytosis with antibody ligation, making it an attractive biologic target for immunoconjugates. Inotuzumab ozogamicin (IO), a CD22‐targeted antibody‐drug conjugate demonstrated impressive single agent activity even among heavily pretreated relapsed B‐ALL patients. A recent randomized phase III clinical trial demonstrates superiority of IO over standard of care chemotherapy as first‐ or second‐line salvage therapy for relapsed B‐ALL. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical data available to date using IO in relapsed B‐ALL.     

Phase II trial of amrubicin and carboplatin in patients with sensitive or refractory relapsed small-cell lung cancer

Amrubicin is a novel, totally synthesized anthracycline derivative, and has antitumor activity against several human tumor xenografts. The combination of amrubicin with platinum derivative showed additive effect against a human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line. Until now, the combination of amrubicin plus carboplatin has not been studied in patients with previously treated SCLC. Therefore, we examined the safety and efficacy of the combination of amrubicin plus carboplatin in patients with sensitive or refractory relapsed SCLC. Patients with previously treated SCLC were eligible if they had a performance status of 2 or less, were 75 years or younger, and had adequate organ function. Twenty-five patients were enrolled (21 men and 4 women; median age, 65 years; age range 55-73 years). Patients received the combination of amrubicin (30 mg/m² on days 1-3) plus carboplatin (with a target area under the concentration-versus-time curve of 4 mg min/ml using the Calvert formula on day 1) every 3 weeks. The overall response rate was 36.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.0-57.5%). Response rates differed significantly between patients with sensitive relapse (58.3%; 95% CI, 27.7-84.8%) and those with refractory relapse (15.4%; 95% CI, 1.9-15.4%; p = 0.03). The median survival time (MST) from the start of this treatment was 7 months (range: 1-42 months); the MST of patients with sensitive relapse (10 months) was significantly longer than that of patients with refractory relapse (5 months: p = 0.004). The median progression-free survival (PFS) time was 3 months (range: 1-14 months): the median PFS time of patients with sensitive relapse (5 months) was significantly longer than that of patients with refractory relapse (2 months; p = 0.01). The most frequent grade 3-4 toxicity was myelosuppression, especially neutropenia, which developed in 88% of patients. Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia developed in 44% of patients, and anemia developed in 56%. Nonhematologic toxicities were generally mild to moderately severe and temporary. None of the patients had cardiotoxicity. In conclusion, this therapy is effective and well tolerated for previously treated SCLC.     

Progression-free and overall survival in patients with relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors treated with single-agent chemotherapy: endpoints for clinical trial design

BACKGROUND:

Refractory germ cell tumor (GCT) patients have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The identification of novel active agents may be impaired by use of response as the primary endpoint in phase 2 trials. Improved endpoints could enhance the development of new effective agents.

METHODS:

The characteristics and outcome of refractory GCT patients enrolled in 7 single‐agent phase 2 trials conducted at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center from 1990 to 2008 were reviewed. The study agents were suramin, all‐transretinoic acid, topotecan, pyrazoloacridine, temozolomide, ixabepilone, and sunitinib. The major endpoints evaluated were response, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS:

Ninety patients (87 male, 3 female) were treated. The primary tumor site was testis in 65 patients, mediastinum in 17 patients, retroperitoneum in 4 patients, and other in 4 patients. Eighty‐six patients had nonseminoma, and 4 patients had pure seminoma. Best responses were 1 (1%) partial response (ixabepilone), 15 (17%) stable disease, and 74 (82%) progressive disease. Median PFS and OS were 1.0 month (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8‐1.3) and 4.7 months (95% CI, 3.5‐6.4), respectively. Eighty‐six of the 90 patients have died. The 12‐ and 16‐week PFS rates were 9% (95% CI, 3‐15%) and 6% (95% CI, 1%‐11%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients with refractory GCT progressed rapidly to these single agents. PFS and OS may be useful endpoints for designing phase 2 trials testing novel agents in this population. Twelve‐week PFS (with comparison to the 9% benchmark rate reported herein) is the recommended endpoint for phase 2 trial design and median OS (using 4.7 months as the predicted median for the control arm) is suggested for phase 3 trials. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

FLAG方案治疗小儿复发难治性急性白血病临床研究

目的探讨FLAG方案（氟达拉滨,阿糖胞苷,粒细胞集落刺激因子）治疗小儿复发难治性急性白血病的疗效。方法采用FLAG方案[氟达拉滨30mg／（m^2·d）X5＋阿糖胞苷2g／（m^2·d）×5d＋粒细胞集落刺激因子5μg/（kg·d）]治疗21例2—13岁的小儿复发难治性急性白血病,其中急性非淋巴细胞性白血病（AML）15例,急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）6例。首次复发（R1）后首选FLAG方案者8例,次选10例,原发难治2例,第三次缓解（CR3）后FLAG巩固治疗1例。结果21例患儿中1例作为缓解后巩固治疗,1例因化疗后感染死亡而无法评估FLAG应用后缓解率;其他19例可评估患儿中9例（47％）获完全缓解（CR）,3例（16％）部分缓解（PR）,7例（37％）无效（NR）,总有效率63％。其中AMLCR率57％,ALL为20％;R1后首选FLAG方案者CR率为57％,次选为20％。应用FLAG后患儿中性粒细胞〉0．5×10^9／L的中位时间为21（12～36）天,血小板〉20×10^9/L的中位时间为19．4（13～30）天。21例患儿中18例合并感染（86％）,除1例死亡外其余均得到有效控制,治疗相关死亡率为4．76％。FLAG治疗后7例患儿进行了造血干细胞移植治疗,目前2例无病存活,分别已移植后无病生存14个月和56个月,其他4例死于移植相关并发症,1例死于移植后复发。另外14例非移植患儿中1例因FLAG相关感染死亡,7例因NR而放弃治疗或合并感染死亡,FLAG治疗有效的6例患儿中2例放弃治疗,4例复发死亡。本组患儿FLAG治疗后中位生存时间5个月。结论FLAG方案治疗小儿复发难治性白血病疗效肯定,毒副作用可以耐受;AML选择FLAG的疗效优于ALL;复发后首选FLAG治疗效果好于次选者。     

Clofarabine in the treatment of poor risk acute myeloid leukaemia

Clofarabine is a second generation nucleoside analogue. It inhibits DNA repair and activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway leading to cell death. In vitro clofarabine has demonstrated synergy with daunorubicin and Ara‐C and in phase II clinical trials has shown promising activity in poor risk Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. In our institution over a 24 month period 22 AML patients (11 M, 11 F) with poor risk features, deemed unsuitable for standard therapy, were treated with clofarabine, alone (eight patients) or in combination (14 patients) for up to three cycles of treatment. The median age was 67.5 years (24–76) with 16 patients > 60 years. At the time of treatment 18 patients had active AML. Four patients intolerant of standard induction received clofarabine as consolidation. The overall response rate (ORR) for the 18 patients with active AML was 61%, nine patients (50%) achieving a complete response (CR). Induction and consolidation were well tolerated with no unexpected toxicities. Predictably, all patients developed grade 4 neutropenia but the median duration was only 20 days (17–120). Induction mortality was acceptable at 17%. In conclusion, clofarabine (alone or in combination) is active in poor risk AML with an acceptable safety profile and should be considered a potential option in poor risk AML patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.