超声造影TIC定量参数在乳腺癌分期早期诊断中的应用

目的探究乳腺癌患者超声造影时间-强度曲线(TIC)参数与其分子生物学标志物的相关性。方法回顾性分析109例乳腺癌患者临床资料,根据其TNM分期分为中早期组和晚期组。比较两组TIC相关参数和分子生物学标志物水平,采用ROC曲线分析TIC相关参数对乳腺癌分期的评估效能。结果晚期组TIC相对上升斜率、达峰强度、曲线下面积大于中早期组,TIC相对达峰时间短于中早期组(P＜0.05)。晚期组雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人表皮生长因子-2、增殖相关核抗原ki-67阳性表达等均高于中早期组(P＜0.05)。TIC相对上升斜率、达峰时间、达峰强度、曲线下面积评估乳腺癌TNM分期的AUC分别为0.878、0.755、0.843、0.796。结论乳腺癌患者TIC参数可有效反映乳腺癌进展情况,且其获取方式更具无创性,可为临床评估乳腺癌分期提供参考。     

基于免疫级联反应的蚕蛹浆比色法在关节假体周围感染精准诊断中的实验研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨蚕蛹浆(silkworm larvae plasma,SLP)比色法在关节假体周围感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)精准诊断中的应用价值。方法取90只健康雄性新西兰大白兔,采用Swanson假体行膝关节置换手术;然后根据致病菌不同随机分为3组:A组(金黄色葡萄球菌组)、B组(表皮葡萄球菌组)及C组(大肠埃希菌组),每组30只。术后第3天膝关节腔内注射1 mL不同浓度致病菌制备PJI模型。分别于接种菌液前及接种后7、14、21 d取样进行检测,参照2018年PJI费城国际共识诊断标准首先判定并计算3组实验动物的造模成功率,并采用SLP比色法计算其在PJI精准诊断中的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和诊断效率。结果接种菌液21 d时,A、B、C组分别有26、18、23只实验动物诊断为感染,造模成功率分别为86.7%、60.0%、76.7%,3组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.724,P=0.073)。PJI比色法结果显示,A组在7 d时出现1只假阳性动物(特异性75.0%),随时间推移(14、21 d)SLP的特异性升至100.0%;14、21 d,另出现了1只假阴性动物(敏感性由100.0%降至96.2%)。B组在7 d时出现1只假阳性动物(特异性91.7%),随着时间推移特异性回升至100.0%;在14、21 d时分别出现1只和4只假阴性动物(敏感性分别为94.4%及83.3%)。C组在7 d时有2只假阳性动物(特异性71.4%),随后回升至100.0%。A、C组在21 d时诊断效率极高(96.7%和100.0%);即使面对B组低毒力的表皮葡萄球菌,21 d时SLP的诊断效率也可保持在90.0%;总体诊断效率很好(95.6%)。结论 SLP比色法诊断PJI具有较高的敏感性、特异性以及诊断效率,是一种极具潜能的PJI诊断方法。     

CT扫描在胃癌术前的应用价值

目的:探讨低张胃CT扫描在胃癌术前分期方面的价值。方法:经胃镜病理证实的30例胃癌患者行CT检查,观察其CT表现,并和手术、病理做对照分析。结果:CT显示进展期胃癌30例,T分期诊断正确率80.0%(24/30),N分期诊断正确率70.8%(17/24),M分期诊断正确率66.7%(6/9)。结论:低张胃CT扫描对中晚期胃癌诊断价值较大,可指导临床手术和治疗方案的制定。     

胃癌TNM分期优化及病理质量控制

胃癌的综合治疗主要以病理分期(TNM)为依据。其中,T分期主要依靠对浸润胃壁深度的准确判定,准确T分期应做到规范化病理取材和必要的连续切片;N分期易受淋巴结捡取数影响,淋巴结捡取不足可导致N分期偏移。因此,规范淋巴结清扫及术后最大限度地捡取淋巴结是关键环节;M分期主要在于提高胃癌腹腔脱落癌细胞(CY1)阳性检出率,确定腹膜转移的高危因素,优化预测腹膜转移的分子标志物,作为临床检查的补充手段。现阶段我国胃癌规范化病理诊断的质量仍有待提升。本文结合国内外相关研究及本中心临床实践经验,就如何做好胃癌TNM分期的优化及病理质量控制等方面进行评述。     

Evaluating the preoperative breast cancer characteristics affecting the accuracy of axillary ultrasound staging

We evaluate the preoperative breast cancer (BC) characteristics that affect the diagnostic accuracy of axillary ultrasound (US) and determine the reliability of US in the different subgroups of BC patients. Axillary US assessments in women with invasive BC diagnosed between 2009 and 2016 in a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnostic accuracy of axillary US was obtained using surgical nodal histology as the gold standard. Preoperative breast tumor sonographic and histological factors affecting axillary US diagnostic accuracy were examined. Of the 605 newly diagnosed invasive BC cases reviewed, 251 (41.5%) had nodal metastases. Axillary US sensitivity was 75.7%, specificity 92.9%, positive predictive value 88.4%, negative predictive value 84.4%, and false‐negative rate 24.3%. Lower US sensitivity was seen with invasive lobular cancer (ILC) (P = .043), grade I/II, (P = .021), unifocal (P = .039), and smaller tumors (P < .001). US specificity was lower in grade III (P < .001), estrogen receptor (ER)‐negative (P < .001), progesterone receptor (PR)‐negative (P = .004), HER2‐positive (P = .015), triple‐negative (P = .001), and larger breast tumors (P < .001). US has moderate sensitivity and good specificity in detecting metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Based on preoperative cancer characteristics, US was less sensitive for nodal metastases from ILC, unifocal, lower grade, and smaller breast tumors. It was also less specific in grade III, ER‐negative, PR‐negative, HER2‐positive, triple‐negative, and larger breast tumors. Caution is suggested in interpreting the US axillary findings of patients with these preoperative tumor features.     

Evaluation of contrast‐enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) in the preoperative staging of breast cancer: Large‐scale single‐center experience

One of the most important indications for contrast‐enhanced breast imaging is the presurgical breast cancer (BC) staging. This is a large‐scale single‐center experience which evaluates the role of CEDM in presurgical staging and its impact on surgical planning. The aims of this retrospective study were to define the diagnostic performance of CEDM in the presurgical setting and to identify which types of patients could benefit from having CEDM. We selected 326 patients with BC who underwent CEDM as preoperative staging and had breast cancer‐related surgery at our institution. We analyzed those cases in which CEDM led to additional imaging or biopsy and those in which it changed the type of surgery that was planned according to conventional breast imaging (CI) techniques (digital mammography, tomosynthesis and bilateral handheld ultrasound). CEDM sensitivity in identifying the index lesion and sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, and accuracy in the correct preoperative staging of BC of the whole population and in various subgroups were calculated. CEDM sensitivity for the index lesion was 98.8% (322/326), which led to additional breast imaging in 23.6% (77/326) of patients and additional biopsies in 17.5% (57/326). CEDM changed the type of surgery in 18.4% (60/326). In the preoperative breast cancer staging, CEDM sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy produced results of 93%, 98%, 90%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. CEDM performance was better in patients with palpable lesions. CEDM has an excellent diagnostic performance in the presurgical staging of BC. Symptomatic patients with palpable lesions benefitted most from preoperative CEDM, with a statistically significant difference compared with nonpalpable.     

磁共振波谱成像Cho峰值与彩色多普勒超声血流评分在乳腺癌的临床应用

目的分析磁共振波谱成像Cho峰值与彩色多普勒超声血流评分在乳腺癌早期诊断中的应用,并评估Cho峰值与血流评分与TNM分期及预后质量关系。方法选择2015年1月至2019年12月间山东省烟台市烟台山医院收治的82例乳腺癌患者作为研究对象,对受试者行磁共振波谱成像及彩色多普勒超声检查;使用ROC曲线比较单用或联用时彩色多普勒血流评分、磁共振功能成像对乳腺癌的确诊率,采用logistics回归模型分析影响患者预后质量及TNM分期因素。结果乳腺癌组患者Cho值及血流信号评分均明显高于良性乳腺病变组,差异有统计学意义(Cho值:t=43.977,P<0.001;血流信号评分:t=22.071,P<0.001)。采用磁共振波谱成像(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)联合多普勒超声检查对乳腺癌确诊的敏感度、特异度及AUC均明显高于MRS或多普勒超声单独应用,差异有统计学意义(敏感度:χ2=4.514,P=0.016;特异度:χ2=4.858,P=0.013;AUC:Z=5.251,P<0.001)。预后良好组患者Cho值(t=3.984,P<0.001)及血流信号评分(t=4.213,P<0.001)均明显低于预后不良组。TNM分期0~Ⅱ期患者Cho值(t=3.612,P<0.001)及血流信号评分(t=3.835,P<0.001)均明显低于Ⅲ~Ⅳ期组,差异有统计学意义。MRS扫描检查的Cho值与患者预后质量(OR=1.837,95%CI=1.210~2.788,P=0.004)及TNM分期(OR=1.818,95%CI=1.224~2.702,P=0.003)呈显著正相关;血流信号与患者预后质量(OR=1.906,95%CI=1.105~3.287,P=0.020)及TNM分期(OR=1.799,95%CI=1.232~2.626,P=0.002)也呈显著正相关。结论磁共振波谱成像Cho峰值与彩色多普勒超声血流评分联合应用可显著提高乳腺癌的早期诊断效能,且Cho峰值与血流评分是影响患者TNM分期及预后的独立性影响因素。     

A narrative review of pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer

Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is an important component in the staging and prognostication of prostate cancer. We performed a narrative review to assess the literature surrounding PLND: (I) the current guideline recommendations and contemporary utilization, (II) the calculation of patient-specific risk to perform PLND using available nomograms, (III) to review the extent of dissection, and its associated outcomes and complications. Due to the improved lymph node yield, better staging, and theoretical improvement in the control of micro-metastatic disease, guidelines have supported the use of (extended-) PLND in patients deemed to be at intermediate or high risk of lymph node involvement (often at a threshold of 5% on modern risk nomograms). However, in practice, real-world utilization of PLND varies considerably due to multiple reasons. Conflicting evidence persists with no clear oncological benefit to PLND, and a small, but important, risk of morbidity. Complications are rare, but include lymphoceles; thromboembolic events; and more rarely, obturator nerve, vascular, and ureteric injury. Furthermore, changing disease incidence and stage migration in the context of earlier detection overall have led to a decreased risk of nodal disease. The trade-offs between the benefits, harms, and risk tolerance/threshold must be carefully considered between each patient and their clinician.     

A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatic vein tumor thrombus

BackgroundHepatic vein tumor thrombus (HVTT) is a significant poor risk factor for survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Currently, the widely used international staging systems for HCC are not refined enough to evaluate prognosis for these patients. A new classification for macroscopic HVTT was established, aiming to better predict prognosis.MethodsThis study included 437 consecutive HCC patients with HVTT who underwent different treatments. Overall survival (OS) and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area analysis were used to determine the prognostic capacities of the new classification when compared with the different currently used staging systems.ResultsThe new HVTT classification was defined as: type I, tumor thrombosis involving hepatic vein (HV), including microvascular invasion; type II, tumor thrombosis involving the retrohepatic segment of inferior vena cava; and type III, tumor thrombosis involving the supradiaphragmatic segment of inferior vena cava. The numbers (percentages) of patients with types I, II, and III HVTT in the new classification were 146 (33.4%), 143 (32.7%), and 148 (33.9%), respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates for types I to III HVTT were 79.5%, 58.6%, and 29.1%; 54.8%, 23.3%, and 13.8%; and 24.0%, 10.0%, and 2.1%, respectively. The time-dependent-ROC curve area analysis demonstrated that the predicting capacity of the new HVTT classification was significantly better than any other staging systems.ConclusionsA new HVTT classification was established to predict prognosis of HCC patients with HVTT who underwent different treatments. This classification was superior to, and it may serve as a supplement to, the commonly used staging systems.     

Preoperative assessment of breast cancer: Multireader comparison of contrast-enhanced MRI versus the combination of unenhanced MRI and digital breast tomosynthesis

PurposeTo compare the sensitivity for breast cancer (BC) and BC size estimation of preoperative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) versus combined unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (UMRI) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT).Patients and methodsWe retrospectively included 56 women who underwent DBT and preoperative 1.5 T CEMRI between January 2016–February 2017. Three readers with 2–10 years of experience in CEMRI and DBT, blinded to pathology, independently reviewed CEMRI (diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI], T2-weighted imaging, pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted imaging) and a combination of UMRI (DWI and pre-contrast T1-weighted imaging) and DBT. We calculated per-lesion sensitivity of CEMRI and UMRI + DBT, and the agreement between CEMRI, UMRI and DBT versus pathology in assessing cancer size (Bland-Altman analysis). Logistic regression was performed to assess features predictive of cancer missing.ResultsWe included 70 lesions (64% invasive BC, 36% ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive BC with in situ component). UMRI + DBT showed lower sensitivity (86–89%) than CEMRI (94–100%), with a significant difference for the most experienced reader only (p = 0.008). False-positives were fewer with UMRI + DBT (4–5) than with CEMRI (18–25), regardless of the reader (p = 0.001–0.005). For lesion size, UMRI showed closer limits of agreement with pathology than CEMRI or DBT. Cancer size ≤1 cm was the only independent predictor for cancer missing for both imaging strategies (Odds ratio 8.62 for CEMRI and 19.16 for UMRI + DBT).ConclusionsUMRI + DBT showed comparable sensitivity and less false-positives than CEMRI in the preoperative assessment of BC. UMRI was the most accurate tool to assess cancer size.