Bile acid synthesis and excretion following release of total extrahepatic cholestasis by percutaneous transhepatic drainage

Abstract. Urinary, biliary and serum bile acids were studied in three patients before and after percutaneous transhepatic drainage for total bile duct obstruction.
Before drainage high urinary excretion often different bile acids occurred. The percentage distribution was: cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid (66–86%), hyo-cholic (3–16%), 3β 12α-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic (3–6%) and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid (2–8%). These acids were regularly found in serum. In addition small amounts (less than 2%) of norcholic, allocholic, 3β, 7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanoic, 3α, 7α-dihydroxy-5α-cholanoic and lithocholic acid were excreted in urine. Trace amounts of these bile acids were found in serum.
After start of drainage biliary bile acid excretion increased rapidly during the first day, dropped to a minimum during the second or third day and then slowly increased again. In spite of normal volumes of bile produced, the total serum bile acids and the urinary excretion of bile acids remained increased during a drainage period of 19 days. The bile acids were of the same type as observed during cholestasis. In serum the increase was mainly due to high concentrations of chenodeoxycholic and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid, as sulphate esters.
Glycine and taurine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and hyocholic acid were mainly excreted in bile. Bile acid sulphate esters were only present in trace amounts in bile and were mainly excreted in urine. This, combined with low renal clearance, explains the elevated serum levels of sulphate esters of chenodeoxycholic and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid conjugates.     

微创技术联合治疗急性重症胆囊炎

目的:探讨微创技术联合治疗急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效。方法:将180例急性重症胆囊炎患者分为治疗组(n=100)和对照组(n=80)。治疗组在B超引导下行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder catheteri-zing drainage,PTGCD)联合急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),对照组行常规开腹胆囊切除术,对比分析两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间及住院时间等。结果:治疗组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、住院时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组死亡例数及并发症发生率均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:PTGCD联合LC治疗急性重症胆囊炎疗效确切,具有患者创伤小、痛苦小、康复快、并发症少等优点,值得推广应用。     

经引流管超声造影在经皮经肝胆道置管引流术中的应用

目的探讨经引流管超声造影在梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮经肝胆道置管引流术(PTCD)中的应用价值。方法 54例梗阻性黄疸患者(肝内胆管内径≥0.5 cm),使用Sono Vue经引流管超声造影指导PTCD过程。结果 PTCD置管成功51例,成功率94.4%,效果良好且未见明显并发症;其中肝内置引流管1根46例,置引流管2根5例。置管失败3例。结论经引流管超声造影能有效提高梗阻性黄疸患者PTCD的成功率。     

A large inferior mesenteric-caval shunt via the internal iliac vein

A large portosystemic shunt between the inferior mesenteric vein and the right internal iliac vein in a 28-yr-old non-cirrhotic man is presented. This collateral was discovered by ultrasound done as a screening examination for gastrointestinal bleeding. The direct communication of the inferior mesenteric vein with the internal iliac vein was demonstrated by computed tomography and percutaneous transhepatic portography. Surgical ligation of the collateral, performed to prevent future portosystemic encephalopathy, resulted in reduction of serum ammonia level and cessation of long-standing hemorrhoidal bleeding.     

经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流治疗内镜难治性恶性胆道梗阻

目的探讨经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)对梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗的意义。方法23例梗阻性黄疸患者,男14例,女9例,年龄61～88岁,平均(72.6±10.9)岁,其中胆管癌10例(术后5例),胰头癌3例,胃癌术后7例,十二指肠乳头癌2例,肝癌1例,不宜行十二脂肠镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)或ERCP失败,经皮肝穿刺放置引流管或内支架。结果全部PTBD成功,其中外引流6例,内外引流13例(3例左右胆管双引流),金属内支架4例。引流术前血清总胆红素(321.6±132.1)μmol/L,引流术后1周血清总胆红素(88.6±10.1)μmol/L,较前明显下降(P<0.05),直接胆红素从(252.3±36.3)μmol/L降至(53.3±9.4)μmol/L(P<0.05)。结论PTBD对梗阻性黄疸是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Regional vascular occlusion of the liver by radiological intervention for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

We believe that regional vascular occlusion of the liver is more effective for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than transcatheter arterial embolization or percutaneous ethanol injection. We report a patient with HCC in whom regional vascular occlusion by means of radiological intervention was successfully performed. A 68-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of a HCC measuring 2 cm in diameter in segment VIII (S8). For treatment, we initially performed subsegmental vascular occlusion by simultaneous transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous transhepatic portal-venous embolization. Both the arterio-and the portograms taken immediately after the procedure demonstrated the lack of arterial and portal blood supply to S8. Subsequent evaluation of the liver by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested that S8 had become completely infarcted and the segment appeared wedge-shaped. This finding was histologically confirmed when hepatic subsegmentectomy was performed 5 weeks later. The results in this patients confirmed the results reported by Nakao et al. in 1986 (Hepatocellular carcinoma: Combined hepatic arterial and portal venous embolizationRadiology 161:303–307) suggesting that regional vascular occlusion of the liver was safe and that the effectiveness was comparable to that of hepatic resection.     

经皮胆管镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的探讨

目的 探讨经皮胆管镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的疗效和结石复发的防治。方法 43例经皮经肝胆管引流和窦道扩张后,经皮经肝胆管镜(PTCS)治疗肝内外胆管结石;22例术后T管留置>3周者,行术后胆管镜(POCS)治疗。该65例中肝内胆管结石(IHS)40例(I型12例,IE型28例),胆总管结石(CBI)结石)25例。结果 43例PTCS扩张窦道直径平均19.1 F,建立窦道时间平均17.1d。65例中11例直接取石,54例行液电碎石(EHL)后取石,其中25例配合乳头括约肌切开。40例IHS至结石清除每例治疗次数平均5.2次,25例CBD结石平均1.9次。37例(56.9％)有胆管或胆肠吻合口狭窄,用探条或气囊扩张,3例留置金属支架,结石清除率98.5％(64/65)。11例合并胆道感染,1例IHS伴胆汁性肝硬化合并肾功能不全死亡。 平均随访30.8个月,结石复发率7.1％。结论 经皮胆管镜和EHL是治疗胆系结石安全、有效的办法;胆管或胆肠吻合口狭窄长度<0.5 cm者,器械扩张效果良好;治疗狭窄可提高结石清除率,降低结石复发率。     

超声引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管置管术在梗阻性黄疸治疗中的价值

目的:探讨超声引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆管置管术(PTCD)在治疗梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法:对64例因恶性肿瘤及胆道结石而致胆道梗阻的患者行超声引导下PTCD治疗,术后观察患者生命体征,并记录胆汁引流量,检测置管后1周总胆红素的变化情况。结果:63例置管引流患者术前血清总胆红素水平为(312.43±31.90)μmol/L,术后1周总胆红素显著下降到(165.32±23.13)μmol/L(P<0.01)。结论:超声引导PTCD是一项治疗梗阻性黄疸的快捷、安全、有效且并发症较少的方法。     

双导丝一步Sedilgner穿刺法在经皮肝穿胆管引流术中的应用

目的：探讨双导丝一步Sedilgner穿刺法在经皮肝穿胆管引流术（PTCD）中的操作方法及其安全性。方法对86例经CT、MRI、彩色多普勒超声等影像学及血液检查诊断为梗阻性黄疸患者采用22 G Chiba针配合0.033 m、0.064 m双导丝及6 F血管鞘行微创一步法开通穿刺道,其后完成胆管引流的全过程。结果86例患者中85例置入引流管,手术成功率为98.8%,观察引流效果1周后有20例更换胆道内支架引流。手术早期并发症为15.1%,其中有3例胆心反射（1例停止手术）、5例急性胆管炎、5例血性引流液。结论双导丝一步Sedilgner穿刺法应用在PTCD中是一种经济实用、操作容易、安全性高的微创方法。