经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎合并感染性休克的疗效分析

目的 评价经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎(AOSC)合并感染性休克的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2010年12月-2015年12月收治的79例AOSC合并感染性休克患者的临床资料,并总结其治疗经验.结果 79例患者均行PTCD,穿刺成功率100％,无明显手术相关并发症发生.75例患者于经皮肝穿刺胆道引流管置入术后3～7 d感染性休克症状消失,4例患者于住院期间死上.75例患者中62例患者于病情稳定后根据梗阻原因行二期手术或双介入手术治疗,2例患者于病情稳定后拒绝二次手术治疗,11例患者不能二期手术或双介入手术带管生存,平均4.7个月.结论 对合并感染性休克的AOSC患者行急症PTCD治疗不仅可以快速退黄减压,降低病死率,而且可以改善休克症状,为二期手术或双介入手术治疗创造机会和条件,是一种安全有效的治疗方式.     

两种不同途径胆道金属支架植入治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的对比研究

目的 比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)途径与经皮肝胆管引流术(PTCD)途径胆道金属支架植入治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸(MOJ)的临床效果.方法 选取2010年6月-2015年6月行胆道金属支架植入治疗的MOJ患者136例,其中经ERCP途径53例(ERCP组),经PTCD途径83例(PTCD组).比较两组的手术成功率、有效率、术后并发症发生率、住院时间及手术费用.结果 ①低位梗阻中ERCP组和PTCD组的手术成功率分别为97.7％和95.8％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);高位梗阻中ERCP组的手术成功率明显低于PTCD组(77.8％和98.3％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);②ERCP组和PTCD组总有效率分别为(88.7％和90.3％),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);低位梗阻中ERCP组有效率明显高于PTCD组(93.2％和83.3％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高位梗阻中ERCP组有效率明显低于PTCD组(66.7％和93.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③ERCP组总并发症发生率明显低于PTCD组(7.5％和15.7％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);低位梗阻中和ERCP组并发症发生率低于PTCD组(4.5％和29.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高位梗阻中ERCP组并发症发生率明显高于PTCD组(22.2％和10.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);④ERCP组和PTCD组住院时间分别为(13.67±.2.25)d和(19.75±3.78)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);ERCP组PTCD组的手术花费分别为(23 764.23±2 437.76)元和(24 863.45±2 983.37)元,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 经ERCP和经PTCD途径胆道金属支架植入治疗MOJ均可取得显著的临床疗效,对于低位梗阻患者而言经ERCP更有优势,对于高位梗阻患者而言经PTCD途径更有优势.     

经皮穿肝胆管引流术联合金属内支架植入术后生存状况分析及护理对策探讨

目的:探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经皮穿肝胆管引流术(PTCD)联合支架植入术治疗后患者的生存状况及需加强的护理干预。方法:对近期收治的154例恶性梗阻性黄疸行PTCD联合支架术患者的临床病案资料进行回顾性分析,观察患者胆红素下降情况及黄疸改善情况;随访患者出院后再次梗阻及治疗情况、生存情况和死亡原因,分析讨论护理干预对策。结果:154例患者治疗有效率为88.31%;随访发现,再次梗阻者70例,其中接受再治疗者48例;至随访结束,存活者22例,死于肝肾功能衰竭者50例,消化道出血者36例,死于引流相关感染者10例、坏疽者2例,自杀者6例,死因不详者28例。再次梗阻再治疗存活者10例,未再治疗者均死亡;自杀者共6例,其中4例患者术后黄疸为显著改善。分析讨论上述结果并制定出针对性相应护理对策。结论:出院后需加强对患者及家属的引流管护理教育、再梗阻再治疗教育及心理干预,这有利于改善患者的术后生存质量及生存时间。     

超声引导PTCD在急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的应用价值

目的探讨急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的治疗方法,床旁急诊超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)在该病中的应用价值。方法收集2011年5月至201 5年6月海南省农垦总医院63例急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎病人的临床资料,回顾分析床旁急诊超声引导PTCD的治疗效果。结果超声引导PTCD成功率为100%;引流量为250~830 ml/d,平均为(530±68)ml/d;引流后血常规及肝功能检查结果显示,与术前比较,白细胞计数(WBC)、血清总胆红素(TBIL)、血清直接胆红素(DBIL)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)指标显著下降,血小板计数(BPC)上升,体温正常,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。症状改善58例(92%),死亡5例(8%),无引流管脱落,无腹腔内出血、胆道出血、气胸、胆漏等并发症发生。结论床旁急诊超声引导PTCD,能快速有效引流,操作方便、简单,创伤小,并发症少,安全性高,能为解除病因手术安全性创造条件。     

两种胆道支架置人术对不可切除胰腺癌所致黄痘的疗效比较

目的探讨内镜下胆道支架置人术(EBS)和经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置人术(PTBS)对不可切除胰腺癌所致黄疸的疗效。方法回顾性研究2013年6月至2017年11月42例不可切除胰腺癌所致黄疽的患者资料,其中22例成功接受PTBS ,20例成功接受EBS。比较两组患者胆道引流的有效性、并发症和生存情况。结果两组总胆红素在术后第3.7.14天均显著下降,但两组间胆汁引流的有效性比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PTBS组平均生存时间为(10.64+2.90)个月,与EBS组平均生存时间(10.75+2.53)个月比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组生存曲线比较,,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组早期并发症及晚期并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论PTBS和EBS均可以作为不可切除胰腺癌所致黄疸的姑息治疗,胆道引流效果确切,并发症少。     

Role of percutaneous transhepatic obliteration for special types of varices with portal hypertension

The treatment of special types of varices with portal hypertension has not yet been established. We were able to control 13 cases of special types of varices by percutaneous transhepatic obliteration (PTO). These 13 cases consisted of 2 esophagojejunal varices after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer, 1 stoma varices after abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer, 2 mesenteric varices with encephalopathy, 1 gastric variceal rupture, 1 gastrorenal and gastroazygos shunt with encephalopathy, 3 giant bar-type esophageal varices, 2 isolated gastric varices with gastropericardiac shunts, and 1 isolated gastric varices with gastrophrenic shunt. The special types of varices were successfully embolized in all cases and there were no complications. We conclude that the PTO is still an effective and safe treatment for special types of varices with portal hypertension.     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗争议与进展

肝门部胆管癌是指原发于胆囊管开口以上,左、右二级肝管水平以下的肝门区胆管恶性肿瘤,占所有胆道恶性肿瘤的50%~70%。肝门部胆管癌根治性手术切除率低,病人预后差,生存期短。近年来,尽管在诊断和治疗方面取得了一定进展,但在术前胆道引流、门静脉栓塞、手术切除范围选择、联合血管切除重建、微创手术治疗和肝移植治疗等方面仍存在争议。     

PTBD联合二期PTCSL术治疗急性胆管炎伴胆总管结石患者疗效及安全性评价*

目的 探讨采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTBD)联合二期经皮经肝胆道镜取石术(PTCSL)治疗急性胆管炎伴胆总管结石患者的疗效及其安全性。方法 2017年5月～2020年5月常州市第七人民医院收治的急性胆管炎伴胆总管结石患者75例,均急诊接受PTBD手术治疗。在术后2～4 w,其中39例观察组患者接受二期PTCSL术治疗,另36例对照组接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)、腹腔镜胆道探查取石术(LCBDE)和T管引流术治疗。随访1年。结果 术后,观察组肛门排气时间、引流管留置时间分别为(19.6±3.3)h和(7.8±1.2) h,与对照组的(20.4±3.5) h和(8.1±1.3) h比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而观察组手术时间和住院日分别为(86.9±14.1)min和(9.5±1.5)d,均显著短于对照组[分别为(124.6±19.8)min和(11.4±1.9)d,P<0.05];在术后24 h,观察组疼痛评分(2.1±0.3)分,显著低于对照组[(3.6±0.6)分,P<0.05];术后,观察组切口感染、胆漏、胰腺炎和胆道出血等并发症发生率为15.4%,与对照组的13.9%比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);随访发现,观察组结石残余和结石复发发生率分别为7.7%和15.4%,与对照组的8.3%和11.1%比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 本研究采用的两套手术方案治疗急性胆管炎伴胆总管结石患者均安全、有效,但采用二期PTCSL术治疗能够缩短手术时间和住院时间,减轻术后疼痛反应,似更合适。     

Clinical features and treatment of hepatic abscesses with biloma formation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

Background and study aimsA full understanding of the clinical manifestations and risk factors for hepatic abscesses with biloma formation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective therapeutic intervention.Patients and methods11,524 patients with hepatic tumors were treated with TACE. 84 patients were diagnosed with hepatic abscesses after TACE, and 35 progressed to hepatic bilomas and were treated with percutaneous transhepatic drainage (PTD) and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage (PTCD). Clinical features, blood samples, bacterial cultures, and imaging data were collected, and incidence, risk factors, therapeutic effects, and prognostic indicators were analyzed.ResultsThe incidence of biloma in patients with liver abscesses was 41.7% with an average diagnosis time of 12.3 ± 3.2 days. 71.4% of patients complained of abdominal pain, and 63.7% had metastatic liver cancer. In the latter patients, clinical features included multiple abscess lesions with a poor blood supply to the tumor and large necrotic lesions. The original tumors were primarily in the digestive system (87.0%). The mean diameter of the largest lesions was 6.5 ± 2.3 cm. Before abscess formation, the Child-Pugh liver function classification was grade A in 14 cases and grade B in 21 cases. Escherichia coli was the most frequently seen infectious bacteria. Liver function was significantly compromised by the occurrence of hepatic abscesses. The mean survival time after diagnosis of liver abscesses in all patients was 11.5 ± 0.6 months. The causes of death included abscess (n = 9, 25.7%), tumor (n = 22, 62.9%), and other causes (n = 4, 11.4%). Risk factors included tumors, gastrointestinal surgery, and diabetes.ConclusionPTD and/or PTCD combined with active antibiotics are recommended as the first-line treatment and are effective therapeutic regimens for biloma formation after TACE.     

Endobiliary biopsy

The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant biliary strictures is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach with the use of serum biomarkers, imaging techniques, and several modalities of endoscopic or percutaneous tissue sampling. The diagnosis of biliary strictures consists of laboratory markers, and invasive and non-invasive imaging examinations such as computed tomography (CT), contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Nevertheless, invasive imaging modalities combined with tissue sampling are usually required to confirm the diagnosis of suspected malignant biliary strictures, while pathological diagnosis is mandatory to decide the optimal therapeutic strategy. Although EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy is currently the standard procedure for tissue sampling of solid pancreatic mass lesions, its diagnostic value in intraductal infiltrating type of cholangiocarcinoma remains limited. Moreover, the “endobiliary approach” using novel slim biopsy forceps, transpapillary and percutaneous cholangioscopy, and intraductal ultrasound-guided biopsy, is gaining ground on traditional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography endobiliary forceps biopsy. This review focuses on the available endobiliary techniques currently used to perform biliary strictures biopsy, comparing the diagnostic performance of endoscopic and percutaneous approaches.