原位肝脏移植术后胆瘘的类型与治疗

目的探讨原位肝脏移植术后胆瘘的类型、方法选择及不同方式的治疗结果。方法回顾性分析2000年1月—2019年3月于西安交通大学第一附属医院住院治疗的24例肝移植术后胆瘘患者资料。根据是否合并狭窄将胆瘘分为4型。患者均接受内镜或介入治疗,包括经内镜鼻胆管引流术（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD）、经内镜胆道内支架放置术（endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD）或经皮经肝胆道引流术（percuteneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD）。观察指标为胆瘘发现时间、胆瘘位置、 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)及PTCD并发症、腹腔或胆道引流管拔出时间、新发胆道狭窄等。结果24例胆瘘于肝移植术后（46.5±36.6） d（6~122 d）发现。Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胆瘘分别有6例、14例、2例和2例。22例胆瘘治愈,总体治愈率91.7%。24例均首先接受ERCP,技术成功率及治愈率分别为87.5%（21/24）和85.7%（18/21）。Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胆瘘ERCP的治愈率分别为6/6、84.6%(11/13)、1/2和0,ENBD与ERBD的胆瘘治愈比列分别为8/10和6/8。5例ERCP未成功者接受PTCD治疗,成功及临床治愈比例分别为4/5和3/4。术后胆道感染发生率为33.3%（8/24）,Ⅱ型胆瘘胆管炎发生率高于Ⅰ型 [35.7%(5/14)比16.7%(1/6)],合并非吻合口狭窄者比合并吻合口狭窄者更易发生胆管炎[83.3%(5/6)比16.7%(3/18)]。结论原位肝移植术后胆瘘首选ERCP,次选PTCD。Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胆瘘分别优选ENBD、ENBD联合ERBD、ENBD及PTCD治疗。     

Retrospective analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in malignant obstructive jaundice before and after external and internal biliary drainage

ObjectiveTo study changes in T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and liver enzymes in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ) before and after external biliary drainage (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage, PTCD) and internal biliary drainage (percutaneous transhepatic insertion of biliary stents, PTIBS).MethodsMOJ patients undergoing PTCD (n = 44) and PTIBS (n = 38) at our hospital were enrolled in the study from January 2017 until December 2019. Peripheral blood total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), CD3⁺%, CD4⁺%, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured before and 1 week after biliary drainage.ResultsThere was no significant difference in any parameter between the two groups before biliary drainage. TBIL, DBIL, AST and ALT following PTCD were significantly lower than before PTCD. By contrast, CD3⁺%, CD4⁺%, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α showed no significant difference before and 1 week after PTCD. TBIL, DBIL, AST, ALT, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower following PTIBS than before PTIBS. CD3⁺%, CD4⁺%, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio and IL-2 were significantly higher following PTIBS than before PTIBS.ConclusionBoth PTCD and PTIBS were effective for treatment of MOJ, but PTIBS was more beneficial for recovery of immune function.     

Characteristics and Outcomes of Percutaneous Biliary Interventions in the United States

ObjectiveTo explore baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and clinical diagnoses in the prediction of outcomes for inpatient percutaneous biliary interventions in the United States.MethodsHospitalizations for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and percutaneous biliary drainage were studied using the National Inpatient Sample 2012 to 2015. Associations between baseline characteristics, comorbidities, clinical diagnoses, and outcomes were analyzed using multivariable regression modeling. Regional variations were studied in an exploratory analysis.ResultsHospitalizations for percutaneous biliary interventions had average inpatient mortality of 3.8% ± 0.8% and length of stay of 7.6 ± 0.3 days. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (50.5% ± 0.8%), and paralysis was associated with the highest inpatient mortality (19.1% ± 5.7%) and length of stay (11.4 ± 1.3 days). Compared with nonmalignant biliary-pancreatic disorders, sepsis was associated with the highest inpatient mortality (6.5% ± 1.1%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.2 [3.9-7.0]) and length of stay (9.0 ± 3.0 days; aOR: 2.2 [1.9-2.5]), followed by underlying malignancy (mortality of 5.5% ± 0.6%; aOR: 2.3 [1.7-3.0]; length of stay of 8.3 ± 0.2 days; aOR: 1.6 [1.4-1.8]). The observed associations were independent of baseline characteristics and comorbidities. With regard to regional variations, the Middle Atlantic states had the lengthiest hospital stays (38.8% ± 2.0% >8 days) and the East South Central states had the highest inpatient mortality (6.6% ± 1.6%) while having the highest frequency of malignancy (37.9% ± 3.7%) and the lowest frequency of postoperative cases (15.2% ± 2.4%).ConclusionIn addition to baseline characteristics and comorbidities, sepsis and malignancy were determinants of higher mortality and increased length of stay in hospitalizations for percutaneous biliary interventions. We observed significant regional variations in clinical diagnoses and outcomes across the United States.     

Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder stenting for recurrent acute acalculous cholecystitis after failed endoscopic attempt

Endoscopic gallbladder stenting is useful palliative therapy for acute cholecystitis in high‐risk patients. Although the success rate of endoscopic gallbladder stenting is 79%–100%, an alternative method has not been reported. We succeeded in employing a method for percutaneous gallbladder stenting (PTGS) and herein describe this new method. A patient with acute acalculous cholecystitis related to ischemic atherosclerotic vascular disease, cholangitis due to Lemmel syndrome, and severe congestive heart failure underwent PTGS through the cystic duct from the gallbladder to the duodenal papilla, because an endoscopic method failed in the treatment of Lemmel syndrome. Because we were unable to place endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) was performed and both the cholecystitis and cholangitis ceased. PTGS was performed as an alternative to endoscopic gallbladder stenting. Access to the cystic duct and gallbladder was obtained by the PTGBD route, using a guidewire (0.035‐inch diameter) and seeking catheter (6.5 Fr) under fluoroscopic control. A 7‐Fr 12‐cm double‐pigtail biliary polyethylene stent was placed. The patient remained asymptomatic for 3 months after the PTGS until he died, of an acute recurrent myocardial infarction. This new PTGS placement is an alternative treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease in patients with increased operative risk when the endoscopic method is unsuccessful.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术与经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸的对比研究

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)与经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)在治疗良、恶性肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸方面各自的优劣。方法回顾性分析2013年5月至2014年7月期间兰州大学第二医院普外四科收治的肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸患者并分别采用ERCP与PTCD治疗的临床资料,比较2种方法的手术成功率、5 d血清胆红素下降水平及术后常见并发症的发生率等。结果与PTCD相比,ERCP在治疗良性肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸时,术后5 d血清总胆红素水平下降速度较快[(94.9±11.58)μmol/L vs.(84.3±15.50)μmol/L,t=2.946,P=0.005],术后并发症发生率较低(3.3%vs.21.4%,χ2=4.469,P=0.035),但手术成功率(96.7%vs.92.9%,χ2=0.429,P=0.513)二者无统计学差异。在治疗恶性肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸时,两种方法术后常见并发症的发生率(9.5%vs.18.5%,χ2=0.767,P=0.381)虽无明显差异,但相比ERCP,在手术成功率(95.2%vs.70.4%,χ2=4.795,P=0.029)和术后5 d血清总胆红素水平下降速度[(206.3±13.26)μmol/L vs.(186.8±20.59)μmol/L,t=-2.516,P=0.015]方面PTCD组效果较为显著。结论对于良性肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP不仅具有创伤小、并发症少、起效快、疗效好的优点,而且可以从根本上解除梗阻;而对于恶性肝外胆管梗阻性黄疸,由于PTCD手术成功率高,可以有效缓解梗阻症状,快速降低血清胆红素水平,改善肝功能,提高患者生活质量,因此成为首选方法。     

A case of jejunal gastrinoma diagnosed by percutaneous transhepatic portal venous sampling

A 63-year-old male was admitted to our department for further examination of hypergastrinemia. Secretin provocation test and calcium infusion test suggested Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and percutaneous transhepatic portal venous sampling (PTPVS) demonstrated gastrinoma in the jejunum, although CT, ultrasonography and angiography could not accurately detect the location of the gastrinoma. Laparatomy findings showed a solid tumor 1.5 cm in diameter in the jejunal mesentery 5 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz, and primary gastrinoma was confirmed in the submucosa of the jejunum immediately adjacent to this tumor. An immunohistochemical study using the PAP method revealed gastrin secreting cells in the tumor. In addition to this case of jejunal gastrinoma, a review of literature in Japan and other countries was presented.     

肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变的介入治疗探讨

目的探讨肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变(ITBL)患者接受介入治疗的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2014年2月在中山大学附属第三医院介入血管科接受介入治疗的76例肝移植术后ITBL患者的影像及临床资料。按胆道造影表现分为3组:肝门区狭窄组(28例),肝内多发狭窄组(42例),胆汁瘤组(6例)。治疗方式包括单纯经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTBD)、PTBD配合球囊扩张、PTBD配合球囊扩张及胆道内支架术。引流方式包括胆道外引流及胆道内外引流。术后随访并观察疗效及胆道并发症。结果 76例患者的PTBD首次成功率为97%(74/76)。介入治疗的总体治愈率、好转率及无效率分别为21%(16/76)、51%(39/76)、28%(21/76)。其中,肝门区狭窄组治愈10例(36%),好转16例(57%),无效2例(7%),治疗有效22例(93%);多发性狭窄组治愈6例(14%),好转21例(50%),无效15例(36%),治疗有效27例(64%);胆汁瘤组好转2例(2/6),无效4例(4/6)。肝门区狭窄患者的疗效优于多发性狭窄患者(P0.05),多发性狭窄患者的疗效优于胆汁瘤患者(P0.001)。引流管期间主要并发症为胆道感染,其中外引流及内外引流胆道感染发生率分别为20%(13/64)及67%(8/12),比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论 PTBD是治疗肝移植术后ITBL的安全、有效手段之一。结合球囊扩张及内支架置入可有效改善患者症状,提高生存质量。采用胆道外引流可显著降低胆道感染发生率。     

微创治疗胆道非吻合口狭窄的价值

目的评估微创方法治疗肝移植术后胆道非吻合口狭窄（NABS）的价值。方法回顾性分析13例肝移植术后NABS患者的临床资料,比较不同类型NABS患者经内镜下逆行胰胆管途径（ERCP途径）及经皮肝穿刺胆管途径（PTCD途径）的微创治疗效果,并总结NABS患者再次肝移植的手术指征。结果4例行PTCD途径治疗,效果不佳,后期3例改ERCP途径治疗。8例微创治疗后有效,有效率8／13;余5例改手术治疗,其中再次肝移植4例、胆肠吻合1例。Ⅰ型（围肝门部狭窄）、Ⅱ型（肝门部＋肝内胆管狭窄）、Ⅲ型（肝内胆管多发狭窄）NABS患者微创治疗有效率分别为3／4、4／7、1／2。II型及Ⅲ型患者近一半（4／9）需再次肝移植,合并肝动脉狭窄的NABS患者再次肝移植率高达2／3。结论微创方法是治疗NABS的首选方案,主要依靠ERCP实施,PTCD疗效欠佳。根据胆管造影显现的狭窄类型,Ⅰ型患者微创治疗效果最佳。微创治疗无效的Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型患者,尤其是合并肝动脉狭窄者,应及时转手术治疗,以免错失手术机会。     

超声引导对经皮肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术的辅助作用

目的探讨超声引导对经皮肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术（PTVE）治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的辅助作用。方法52例经超声引导下PrrVE作为观察组,37例采用盲穿门静脉行PTVE作为对照组。比较2组患者穿刺成功率、穿刺时间（指确定穿刺点至导管置入时间）、栓塞效果及并发症发生率。结果观察组1次穿刺成功率（73．1％）显著高于对照组（43．2％）,P〈0．05具有统计学意义。观察组1次穿刺成功时间（2．3±0．6）min显著低于对照组（4．2±0．8）min,P〈0．05具有统计学意义。观察组栓塞成功率（100％）显著高于对照组（86．5％）,P〈0．05具有统计学意义。观察组并发症发生率低于对照组。结论超声引导对PTVE具有重要的辅助作用,能准确判断门静脉位置,增加了穿刺成功率,提高了穿刺速度。     

经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎

【摘要】 目的 探讨经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院及佛山市第一人民医院2009年1月至2012年12月82例急性化脓性胆囊炎先行经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流,1个月后再行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果 82例患者均成功接受经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流,患者穿刺术后2~4 h腹痛明显缓解,术后2至3天体温降至正常。1例术后出现胆道大出血,经急诊肝动脉栓塞止血。全部患者于术后一个月行二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中2例中转开腹(2.4%),术后无胆汁漏及胆管损伤等严重并发症发生。 结论 急性化脓性胆囊炎经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流可迅速缓解症状,术后1个月再实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的,中转开腹率低,手术并发症少。