Rapid drop in serum testosterone after bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy.

Bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy was performed in six patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. In these patients the serum levels of testosterone were determined serially up to twenty-four hours. Castrate levels of testosterone were achieved in about two and one-half hours. This is the first published report of such a rapid decrease in serum testosterone. Castrate levels of serum testosterone using the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists are achieved in fourteen to twenty-one days. The relative cost of orchiectomy and LH-RH agonists, for thirty-six months, was $2,042.00 and $12,780.00, respectively. LH-RH agonists may be effective for only a year. Urologists are urged to continue using bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy and not use LH-RH agonists in the management of metastatic prostatic carcinoma.     

Diuretic and hypotensive actions of torasemide in hypertensive models of rat

The diuretic and the antihypertensive actions of torasemide were examined in renal and genetic hypertensive rats and compared to the effects of furosemide. Oral administration of torasemide (1 and 3 mg/kg) elicited a dose-dependent increase in the excretion of urine and electrolytes and elevated the urinary Na/K ratio in both renal and genetic hypertensive rats. Torasemide and furosemide had a similar maximum diuretic effect in the normotensive Wistar rat and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). However, the diuretic activity of furosemide was weaker in the renal hypertensive rat (RHR). Torasemide showed approximately 30 times greater diuretic potency than furosemide. Torasemide and furosemide demonstrated hypotensive action in hypertensive rat models, but not in the normotensive Wistar rat. Especially in the RHR, torasemide exhibited a more potent hypotensive action than furosemide. These results show that the diuretic and antihypertensive activities of torasemide are effective in various rat models of hypertension, while the diuretic activity of furosemide is weak in certain hypertensive rat models. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

青中年人群微量白蛋白尿患病率与心血管疾病危险因素的关系

目的　探讨微量白蛋白尿患病率与心血管疾病危险因素的关系。方法　选择 775例 (男 32 6例 ,女 4 4 9例 )年龄 2 0～ 5 0岁的社区人群 ,测定其体重指数 (BMI)、血压、空腹血糖、血脂谱 ;收集晨尿检测尿白蛋白、尿肌酐浓度 ,并计算尿白蛋白 /尿肌酐的比率。根据有无高血糖、高血压或高三酰甘油 /低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (高TG/低HDL C)血症分为 4组 ,即正常组 (A组 )、1种代谢紊乱组 (B组 )、2种代谢紊乱组 (C组 )及代谢综合征组 (D组 ) ,评价微量白蛋白尿与代谢紊乱的关系。结果　①糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿的患病率为 2 2 .2 % ,显著高于正常血糖者 (5 .2 % ,P =0 .0 0 2 ) ;高TG/低HDL C血症者微量白蛋白尿的患病率为 8.3% ,显著高于正常血脂者 (4.0 % ,P =0 .0 12 ) ;高血压患者与正常血压者的差异无显著性。②随代谢紊乱加重 ,尿白蛋白浓度显著升高 (协方差分析 ,P <0 .0 1) ,微量白蛋白尿患病率升高 (趋势分析 ,P =0 .0 0 3)。③ 4组间尿肌酐浓度、尿白蛋白 /尿肌酐的差异无显著性。结论　①糖尿病、高TG/低HDL血症人群的微量白蛋白尿的发病率显著升高。②随代谢紊乱加重 ,微量白蛋白尿患病率亦升高     

不同类型精神分裂症患者脑脊液色氨酸及其与竞争性氨基酸比值对照研究

应用高压液相色谱（ＰＨＬＣ）对４２例阳性精神分裂症患者、２５例阴性精神分裂症患者及１０例健康正常对照组脑脊液中色氨酸（Ｔｒｙｔｏｐｈａｎ，ＴＲＰ）和酪氢酸（Ｔｙｒｏｓｉｎｅ，Ｔｙｒ）进行测试，其中ＴＲＰ／Ｔｙｒ被作为两者竞争指数，结果提示阳性、阴性精神分裂症患者脑脊液中Ｔｙｒ显著性降低，而ＴＲＰ则无显著性变化。但发现阳性精神分裂症患者的ＴＲＰ／Ｔｙｒ比值显著高于正常对照组，也显著高于阴性精神分裂症患者，本文结合ＴＲＰ／Ｔｙｒ的意义与价值进行了讨论。     

双水平压力调节通气与反比通气对健康及急性肺损伤犬心肺功能影响的比较研究

目的 :比较双水平压力调节 (BIPAP)通气和反比通气 (IRV)对心肺功能的影响。方法 :在两种通气模式 0、0 .5和 1.0 k Pa呼气末压 (EEP)时 ,分别测定健康犬及油酸诱发急性肺损伤犬的呼吸力学、血流动力学及血气分析各参数。结果 :无论有无急性肺损伤 ,BIPAP通气时平均气道压 (m Paw )均明显低于 IRV时(P均 <0 .0 5 )。给健康犬用 IRV通气时 ,上述 3种 EEP水平的 m Paw分别为 (0 .437± 0 .10 3) k Pa、(0 .811±0 .0 93) k Pa和 (1.36 0± 0 .119) k Pa;用 BIPAP通气时则分别降为 (0 .2 2 5± 0 .0 71) k Pa、(0 .6 11± 0 .10 5 ) k Pa和(1.10 7± 0 .0 89) k Pa。油酸诱发急性肺损伤后 ,m Paw分别由 IRV时 (0 .72 5± 0 .2 2 2 ) k Pa、(1.186± 0 .2 98) k Pa和 (1.6 0 0± 0 .10 0 ) k Pa降至 BIPAP时 (0 .35 0± 0 .12 9) k Pa、(0 .6 2 5± 0 .15 0 ) k Pa和 (1.12 5± 0 .0 96 ) k Pa;但两种通气模式中气道峰压、心排血量并无明显差异。另外 ,急性肺损伤时 ,BIPAP通气的动脉血氧分压 (Pa O2 )分别为 (9.10± 1.79) k Pa、(11.43± 1.80 ) k Pa和 (13.40± 3.2 0 ) k Pa,较 IRV时 Pa O2 (7.87± 2 .33) k Pa、(9.0 7±3.0 5 ) k Pa和 (9.71± 1.85 ) k Pa增高 (EEP 1.0 k Pa时 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :     

阈下刺激定位慢径消融靶点的临床应用研究

目的 :探讨利用阈下刺激 (STS)定位房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT)的慢径消融靶点的临床应用价值。方法 :选择AVNRT患者 6例 ,经常规电生理检查明确诊断后 ,将大头电极放在冠状窦口下缘与希氏束之间的中下区域进行标测 ,测定该点的起搏阈值后 ,诱发AVNRT ,然后发放STS终止AVNRT ,在终止位点处试消融 ,观察STS标测消融的有效性 ;在非终止位点处 ,结合局部心内电图判断是否进行试消融 ,如在非终止位点处试消融 ,观察STS标测的可靠性。同时观察STS标测定位的安全性。结果 :在 6例患者中 ,有 3例STS终止了持续性AVNRT ,且在终止位点处试消融并获得成功 ;有 5例共在 10个位点处发放了STS ,其中在 9个位点未终止心动过速 ,在这些非终止位点处试消融均未获得成功 ,非 1个位点出现了心房夺获。所有患者在STS标测过程中 ,未出现心房颤动、心动过速的加速或心室颤动等现象。结论 :STS终止AVNRT的位点是判断消融靶点的一个良好的电生理学指标。STS标测定位是安全、有效和可靠的一种方法 ,值得进一步地深入研究     

Colonic pseudolipomatosis, microscopically classified into two groups

Background: Colonic pseudolipomatosis is rare and the pathogenesis is controversial. The purpose of the present paper was to clarify endoscopic and histological characteristics of colonic pseudolipomatosis and to discuss the etiology. Methods: A total of 15 lesions from 14 patients was reviewed. They were able to be histologically classified into two groups on the basis of variety in size of the vacuoles: Group A, the ratio of largest vacuole to smallest vacuole in size is less than three, Group B, the ratio is more than four. Results: Four of 15 lesions were group A, and were endoscopically polypoid or flat lesions covered with normal‐looking mucosa. They were microscopically characterized by (i) predominant location in the upper portion of the lamina propria; (ii) no submucosal involvement; (iii) less variation in vacuolar size; and (iv) no association with lymph follicles. The vacuoles of group A contained proteinaceous materials in two of four lesions. Group B (11 lesions) had small elevated mucosa with normal‐looking surface or non‐elevated reddish mucosa. Microscopically, the lesions were mainly located in the lower portion of the lamina propria, occasionally also in the submucosa, had variable‐sized vacuoles, and were related to lymph follicles. Conclusion: It is suggested that the vacuoles in group A contain fluid, and may indicate an abnormal stagnation of interstitial fluid. Microscopic appearance of group B is essentially similar to that of pneumatosis coli. It is thought that group B probably results from penetration of gas from the crypts into the mucosa during colonoscopy. It is unclear why group B had a preference for ileocecal valve and an association with lymph follicles.     

早、中期胃癌的临床病理学研究(附75例报告)

目的　了解早、中期胃癌的临床、胃镜和病理学特征。方法　回顾性分析我院 11年中经外科手术和病理诊断的 75例早、中期胃癌患者的临床、胃镜、外科手术和病理等方面资料。结果　早、中期胃癌临床表现无特征性 ,男女之比为 2 .41∶1,以 61～ 70岁最多 ,胃窦是其好发部位 ,病理组织学以管状腺癌为多 ,胃镜误诊率是 12 .86%,淋巴转移率是 2 5 .3 3 %。结论　早、中期胃癌有明显的好发年龄和好发部位 ,以管状腺癌为多 ,胃镜误诊的主要原因是不能鉴别病变的良、恶性和准确判断病变量 ,影响淋巴转移的因素是浸润深度、广度、肿瘤大小和年龄 ,而与性别、组织学的分化程度无明显关系。     

Evaluation of hypothesis testing for comparing two populations using NONMEM analysis

In a simulation study of inference on population pharmacokinetic parameters, two methods of performing tests of hypotheses comparing two populations using NONMEM were evaluated. These two methods are the test based upon 95% confidence intervals and the likelihood ratio test. Data were simulated according to a monoexponential model and, in that context, power curves for each test were generated for (i)the ratio of mean clearance and (ii)the ratio of the population standard deviations of clearance. To generate the power curves, a range of these parameters was employed; other pharmacokinetic parameters were selected to reflect the variability typically present in a Phase II clinical trial. For tests comparing the means, the confidence interval tests had approximately the same power as the likelihood ratio tests and were consistently more faithful to the nominal level of significance. For comparison of the standard deviations, and when the volume of information available was relatively small, however, the likelihood ratio test was more able to detect differences between the two groups. These results were then compared to results on parameter estimation in order to gain insight into the question of power. As an example, the nonnormality of estimates of the ratio of standard deviations plays an important role in explaining the low power for the confidence interval tests. We conclude that, except for the situation of modeling standard deviations with only sparse information, NONMEM produces tests of significance that are effective at detecting clinically significant differences between two populations.Partial support from the Upjohn Company, NIH-BRSG SO RR 07066, and the Burroughs Wellcome Foundation.