What Motivates Participation and Dropout Among Low‐Income Urban Families of Color in a Prevention Intervention?*

Low‐income urban parents of color enrolled in a parent training study were interviewed to understand what motivated their participation and what led 30% of them to subsequently drop out. Most enrolled because they wanted to be better parents. Most dropped out because of time and schedule constraints. Retention was higher when parents' motivations for participation matched program goals. Program location and qualities of the recruiter were cited most often as important; financial compensation was cited least often as important.     

Functional restoration in chronic low back pain

Conventional treatments have not slowed down the ever expanding low back pain (LBP) problem. Traditional treatment has most probably contributed to the growth of the problem. Therefore, in a search for new solutions, 'functional restoration' has been devised. In connection with chronic LBP the term has been associated with a full-day program lasting from 3 to 5 weeks. it includes multidisciplinary treatment of patients in groups with intensive physical and ergonomic training, psychological pain management, back school, as well as teaching in social/work related issues. The key concepts are 'acceptance of the pain', 'activity', 'self-responsibility', 'multidisciplinary' and 'quantitative functional evaluation (QFE)'. The latter is aimed so that the participants can feel the physical improvement, encouraging them to be able to go back to work, or at least to lead a more active life style. Several controlled studies suggest a lasting effect in terms of regaining their ability to work and improving pain behavior for a good part of disabled chronic LBP patients. However, it is noteworthy that randomized studies seemingly show poorer results than studies not employing randomized controls.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor in human breast cancers: Correlation with estrogen and progesterone receptors

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), determined by the Scatchard curve method, was found in 22 cases of a random series of 100 patients with breast carcinoma. Two groups of patients were identified, one (n = 16) with a low concentration (0–50 fm/mg protein) of EGFR but with a high affinity (Kd = 3.2 nM), and the other (n = 6) with a high concentration (90–210 fm/mg protein) of EGFR but with a lower affinity (Kd = 6.3 nM).A significant inverse relationship was found between the presence of EGFR and receptors for estrogen (p<0.001) and progesterone (p = 0.001). EGFR was found in no (0/8) tumors with Grade I histoprognostic grade, 17% (10/58) Grade II, and 38% (11/29) Grade III (p<0.05). EGFR is present therefore in poorly differentiated tumors and associated with other factors of poor prognosis. Ourin vivo analyses confirm results found in tissue culture derived from human breast carcinoma cells.With the technical assistance of J. Barraque.     

极低体质量近存活期分娩儿一例的出生后早期管理

近存活期分娩（PVB）儿各组织系统发育极不成熟,易发生各种器官功能损害和并发症,预后常不佳。目前关于PVB儿出生后早期管理的报道不多,诸多尚待解决的问题仍是围产医学所面临的挑战。经有效的新生儿复苏和呼吸循环支持、积极的营养支持和喂养、防治感染、内分泌和代谢性疾病管理、积极处理早产儿相关并发症,以及发育支持护理、家庭参与式护理等一系列个体化管理和精细化护理,四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院成功救治了1例胎龄23周,出生体质量（BW）为450 g的PVB儿。本文通过总结1例PVB儿的出生后早期管理,并结合文献复习进行归纳总结,以期为提高BW<500 g的PVB儿存活率并获得良好预后提供经验及借鉴。     

Selection for high and low mating propensity inDrosophila ananassae

InDrosophila ananassae, artificial selection was carried out for high and low mating propensity for 15 generations. Response to selection was from about F₅, with rapid divergence in mating frequencies in replicates of both fast and slow lines. To assess the effect of selection on the two sexes, females and males of the selected lines were tested against their respective counterparts of the control line after 15 generations. Significant differences in mating propensity were observed when selected males were tested against the control females, which suggests that males were much more affected by selection than females. After 15 generations the fast and slow lines (both replicates) were crossedinter se and mating frequencies of F₁ hybrids were studied in the same way as during the selection experiment. F₁ flies had a higher mating activity compared to their parental lines when males were derived from fast lines to produce hybrids. On the other hand, F₁ hybrids produced by crossing slow-line males with fast-line females showed mating frequencies similar to those of the slow parental lines. These findings suggest that mating propensity inD. ananassae is under the control of polygenes. Furthermore, the significant differences in mating propensity of hybrids produced by the fast and slow males indicate the possibility of a Y-linked influence on mating propensity inD. ananassae.The present investigation was carried out during the tenure of a senior research fellowship of the CSIR, New delhi, to S.C.     

Fluid Flow through Filtering Appendages of Insects

Many organisms use structures composed of arrays of cylindersto capture particulate food or molecules form the water or airaround them. The performance of such filters depends on thevelocity of fluid movement through them; hence, mathematicalmodels of flow through fibrous structures can provide insightsabout the functional morphology of biological filters. In thispaper, the authors address the case of feather-like biologicalfilters of finite width and assess several possible models forfluid motion through them by comparing model predictions withobservational data. Two examples of insect appendages are considered:the cephalic fans of black fly aquatic larvae that capture particulatefood and the antennae of adult male moths that catch sex-attractantmolecules released by female moths. The results suggest thatflow through such structures can be much slower than ambientcurrents, that the finest hairs in the structure are the morphologicalfeatures with the greatest effect on leakiness, and that thevelocity of movement (or of ambient flow), as well as the morphologyof such filters, can be critical in determining their performance.     

磷酸盐型低密度脂蛋白亲和吸附剂制备与体外吸附试验研究

研究目的是制备低密度脂蛋白亲和吸附剂,用于去除高脂血症患者血液中高含量的低密度脂蛋白。首先以悬浮分散法制备壳聚糖微球和纤维素微球载体,然后固定磷酸吡哆醛和磷酸盐配基,制备出三种吸附剂,并进行体外静态吸附性能测试。结果表明,壳聚糖-磷酸吡哆醛吸附剂对LDL最大吸附量为1.30mg/mL,磷酸盐型壳聚糖和纤维素吸附剂对LDL的最大吸附量分别为2.72mg/mL和3.12mg/mL,并且吸附量随配基含量的增加呈增大趋势,3种吸附剂对高密度脂蛋白均无明显吸附。对吸附剂的灭菌和储存稳定性的研究表明,磷酸盐型纤维素吸附剂具有较好的稳定性。本研究第一次报道磷酸盐型低密度脂蛋白吸附剂。     

凋亡抑制蛋白XIAP和促凋亡因子Smac在胰腺癌化疗抵抗中的作用

目的探讨x-相关凋亡抑制蛋白（XIAP）和促凋亡因子Smac在胰腺癌细胞化疗抵抗中的作用，以及转染胞浆表达型Smac基因靶向下凋XIAP对化疗药物诱导的胰腺癌细胞凋亡的影响。方法应用流式细胞术检测顺铂、5-FU介导的Panc-1、BXPC-3的凋亡率及胞浆染色分析细胞XIAP表达变化，Western blot分析XIAP、Smac、Caspase-3表达水平；构建pEGFP-NI／Smac真核表达载体并转染胰腺癌Panc-1细胞，流式细胞术检测转染Smac基因前后Panc-1细胞的凋亡敏感性。结果与BXPC-3细胞相比，Panc-1对顺铂或5-FU介导的凋亡具有较强抵抗性，Western blot分析显示Panc-1细胞高表达XIAP，在化疗药物作用下化疗敏感细胞BXPC-3胞浆内XIAP水平下降明显多于Panc-1细胞，而且凋亡的BXPC-3细胞释放入胞浆内的成熟Smac蛋白水平明显高于Panc-1细胞。转染胞浆表达型Smac基因至化疗抵抗Panc-1细胞，可明显下调其XIAP表达水平，促进效应Caspase-3分子活化，显著提高顺铂、5-FU诱导的细胞凋亡率。结论胰腺癌细胞XIAP的表达水平下调与其化疗敏感性有关，XIAP是克服化疗抵抗的重要靶分子，而上调Smac活性蛋白的胞浆表达作为一种有效调节信号，通过拮抗XIAP的凋亡抑制作用协同化疗药物促进胰腺癌细胞凋亡。     

Histological grade in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast correlates with the proliferative activity evaluated by BrdU: An immunohistochemical study including correlations with p53, c-erbB-2 and estrogen receptor status

Thirty cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were classified to histological subtype according to the General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Recording of Breast Cancer of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society and histologically graded using the Nottingham method and the correlation of histology with proliferative activity was investigated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In addition, the overexpression of p53 protein, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and estrogen receptor (ER) were immunohistochemically examined in order to discuss the relationship with histological subtype and histological grade. Histological grade correlated positively to the BrdU labeling index (LI) and overexpression of p53. High grade carcinoma demonstrated c-erbB-2 more frequently and exhibited a low incidence of ER. However, no significant relationship was found between BrdU LI, overexpression of p53 and c-erbB-2 and histological subtype. These results suggest that the histological grade does represent the proliferative activity of tumor cells and that adding the histological grade to the pathological diagnosis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma may be useful from the clinicopathological aspect concerning tumor behavior.     

Reactive Compatibilization of PA6/LDPE Blends with Glycidyl Methacrylate Functionalized Polyolefins

Summary: Blends of polyamide‐6 (PA6) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were compatibilized by melt mixing with various polyolefins functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), i.e., GMA grafted LDPE (LDPE‐g‐GMA), GMA grafted styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene block copolymer (SEBS‐g‐GMA) and ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (E‐GMA). Blends with PA6/LDPE composition ratios of 25/75 and 75/25 wt.‐%/wt.‐% were prepared in a Brabender internal mixer and their properties were evaluated by SEM, rheological measurements and DSC. Morphological investigation by SEM showed a neat improvement of phase dispersion and interfacial adhesion in all compatibilized blends when compared to PA6/LDPE binary blends. The variation of the dispersed phase size was analyzed as a function of blend composition, compatibilizer concentration and GMA content. The emulsification curves of compatibilized blends showed that the equilibrium size of dispersed particles at the saturation concentration of copolymer was lower when PA6 was the major component. The finest dispersion of the LDPE phase (<0.25 μm) was observed in the presence of SEBS‐g‐GMA copolymer. LDPE‐g‐GMA and E‐GMA displayed a similar compatibilizing efficiency. In all cases, the blends with a polyamide matrix presented a marked rise in torque and melt viscosity with increasing compatibilizer content. These effects were accounted for by a reaction between the epoxide groups of LDPE‐g‐GMA and the carboxyl/amine end‐groups of PA6, leading to the formation of an interchain graft copolymer. The phase transition processes of PA6 in the blends were influenced by the compatibilizer content and the interfacial interactions between the polymer components, suggesting a different role for the compatibilizer at the PA6/LDPE interface.

SEM micrograph of PA6/LDPE 25/75 blend compatibilized with 2.5 phr SEBS‐g‐GMA.