不同方法预防儿童第一恒磨牙龋坏的效果评价

采用窝沟封闭、氟凝胶、含氟泡沫、口腔卫生宣教(OHI)对泉州市二年级儿童(7~8岁)第一恒磨牙龋坏的预防效果进行评价,尝试寻找最适合群体儿童的第一恒磨牙龋坏预防方法。方法 2017年采用整群随机抽样的方法在泉州市区选取5所学校的二年级儿童1 768名,检查第一恒磨牙萌出情况及患龋情况,分为5组,分别为空白对照组(n=313)、口腔卫生宣教组(n=421)、氟保护漆组(n=267)、含氟泡沫组(n=438)、窝沟封闭组(n=329),观察两年后五组学生防龋效果。结果 五所小学共有1 748名儿童完成两年的观察研究,随访率为98.87%。干预两年后,氟保护漆组新增龋均及龋面均高于其他四组,窝沟封闭组新增龋均及龋面均低于其他四组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 4种预防方法对7~8岁儿童第一恒磨牙防龋效果不同,窝沟封闭对龋齿预防效果最好。     

The Hospital Frailty Risk Score Identifies Fewer Cases of Frailty in a Community-Based Cohort of Older Men Than the FRAIL Scale and Frailty Index

ObjectivesThe recently developed Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) allows ascertainment of frailty from administrative data. We aimed to compare the HFRS against the widely used FRAIL Scale and Frailty Index.DesignPopulation-based cohort study linked to Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data Collection and Death Registrations.Setting and ParticipantsThe Health in Men Study with frailty determined at Wave 2 (2001/2004), mortality in the 1-year period following Wave 2, and disability at Wave 3 (2008). Participants were 4228 community-based men aged ≥75 years, followed until Wave 3.MeasurementsWe used multivariable regression to determine the association between each frailty measure and outcomes of length of stay (LOS), death, and disability. We also determined if the additional cases of frailty identified by one measure over the other was associated with these outcomes.ResultsOf 4228 men studied, the HFRS (n = 689) identified fewer men as frail than the FRAIL Scale (n = 1648) and Frailty Index (n = 1820). In the fully adjusted models, all 3 frailty measures were associated with longer LOS and mortality, whereas only the FRAIL Scale and Frailty Index were significantly associated with disability. The additional cases of frailty identified by the FRAIL Scale and Frailty Index had longer LOS and greater risks of death and disability. The fully adjusted hazard ratio for death among the additional cases of frailty identified by the FRAIL Scale (compared to being not frail on both HFRS and FRAIL Scale) was 2.14 (95% CI 1.48-3.08).Conclusions and ImplicationsThe HFRS is associated with adverse outcomes. However, it identified approximately 60% fewer men who were frail than the FRAIL Scale and Frailty Index, and the additional cases identified were also at high risks of adverse outcomes. Users of the HFRS should be aware of the differences with other frailty measures.     

如何正确理解T_1T_2的不同

本文针对学生在学习核磁共振的过程中 ,在理解纵向弛豫时间T1和横向弛豫时间T2 时经常提出的疑问 ,建构两个物理模型 ,以便于学生能深刻理解T1、T2 的物理学 ,生物学意义 ,为读释图像 ,挖掘生物信息奠定更牢固的理论基础。     

Early Identification of Patient Satisfaction Two Years After Total Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundThere are numerous reports of poor satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), yet there is little known about when to use evidence-based models of care to improve patient outcomes.ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize longitudinal changes in patient-reported satisfaction after TKA and to identify factors for early identification of poor satisfaction.MethodsFor a cohort of primary TKA surgeries (n = 86), patient-reported outcomes were captured one week before TKA and 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years after TKA. “Satisfied” versus “not fully satisfied” patients were defined using a binary response (≥90 vs <90) from a 100-point scale. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests identified changes in satisfaction between follow-up times, and longitudinal analyses examined demographic and questionnaire factors associated with satisfaction.ResultsImprovements in satisfaction occurred within the first 6 months after TKA (P ≤ 0.01). Preoperative patient-reported outcome measures alone were not predictive of satisfaction. Key factors that improved longitudinal satisfaction included higher Oxford Knee Scores (odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, P < .001), general health (EQ-VAS, OR = 1.3, P = .03), and less visual analog scale pain (VAS; OR = 1.7, P < .001). Differences in these factors between satisfied and not fully satisfied patients were identified as early as 6 weeks after surgery.ConclusionVisibly different satisfaction profiles were captured among satisfied and not fully satisfied patient responses, with differences in patient-perceived joint function, general health, and pain severity occurring as early as 6 weeks after surgery. This study provides metrics to support early identification of patients at risk of poor TKA satisfaction, enabling clinicians to apply timely targeted treatment and support interventions, with the aim of improving patient outcomes.     

乳腺癌化疗患者睡眠障碍变化规律及预测指标研究

目的 识别乳腺癌患者化疗期间睡眠障碍的纵向变化趋势及不同轨迹类别,并分析人口学及疾病相关因素对轨迹类别的预测作用.方法 采用一般资料调查表、乳腺癌患者报告结局测量系统-化疗期间睡眠障碍量表收集219例乳腺癌患者首次化疗开始前、第1疗程用药结束后第7天(化疗早期)、第2～4疗程用药结束后第7天(化疗中期)及最后1个疗程用药结束后第7天(化疗末期)的睡眠障碍情况.使用重复测量方差分析比较不同时间点测评结果的差异,应用潜类别增长模型探讨轨迹类别,并采用x2检验和Logistic回归分析探索轨迹类别的预测指标.结果 乳腺癌化疗患者4个时间点睡眠障碍得分分别为47.50±8.82、51.38±10.83、50.66±9.90、50.46±9.99,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).识别出乳腺癌化疗患者睡眠障碍4条不同的潜在轨迹,命名为无睡眠障碍组(19.2％)、轻度睡眠障碍组(25.1％)、中度睡眠障碍组(50.7％)及重度睡眠障碍组(5.0％).区域淋巴结转移(OR=1.475,P=0.042)、使用靶向药物(OR =2.135,P=0.011)及参与临床试验(OR=1.899,P=0.040)对乳腺癌化疗患者的睡眠障碍轨迹类别具有预测作用.结论 乳腺癌化疗患者的睡眠障碍随着化疗的推进而动态变化,且其发展轨迹有显著的群体异质性,淋巴结转移、使用靶向药物及参与临床试验对患者的睡眠障碍轨迹类别具有预测作用.医护人员可根据睡眠障碍的变化规律及预测指标早期识别睡眠障碍中、高危人群,并为患者提供全程管理与精准照护.     

The anterior versus posterior approach for the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety between anterior and posterior approach, and determine the best surgical methods for the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in the cervical spine.Methods: We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang Med Data databases from January 2007 to March 2018. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, cervical lordosis, functional recovery rates, excellent and good outcomes of the surgical approaches, and complication and reoperation rates were analyzed. RevMan 5.3 was utilized for data analysis.Results: Eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis. By comparing the anterior and posterior approaches for the treatment of OPLL in the cervical spine, statistically significant differences were found in the preoperative initial JOA, the postoperative final JOA scores, functional recovery rates, complication rates, excellent and good outcomes of the surgical approaches and reoperation rates. However, no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of the preoperative and postoperative cervical lordosis was noted.Conclusion: The anterior approach is superior to the posterior approach in terms of the postoperative final JOA score, functional recovery rate, and clinical outcomes. Although the complication and reoperation rates of the anterior approach are higher than those of the posterior approach. We recommend the anterior approach for the treatment of OPLL when patients with occupying ratio ≥ 60%. In addition, high-quality studies with long-term follow-up and large sample size are also needed.     

Working conditions and health behavior as causes of educational inequalities in self-rated health: an inverse odds weighting approach

Objective:Using a novel mediation method that presents unbiased results even in the presence of exposure–mediator interactions, this study estimated the extent to which working conditions and health behaviors contribute to educational inequalities in self-rated health in the workforce.Methods:Respondents of the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in 16 countries were selected, aged 50–64 years, in paid employment at baseline and with information on education and self-rated health (N=15 028). Education, health behaviors [including body mass index (BMI)] and working conditions were measured at baseline and self-rated health at baseline and two-year follow-up. Causal mediation analysis with inverse odds weighting was used to estimate the total effect of education on self-rated health, decomposed into a natural direct effect (NDE) and natural indirect effect (NIE).Results:Lower educated workers were more likely to perceive their health as poor than higher educated workers [relative risk (RR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37–1.60]. They were also more likely to have unfavorable working conditions and unhealthy behaviors, except for alcohol consumption. When all working conditions were included, the remaining NDE was RR 1.30 (95% CI 1.15–1.44). When BMI and health behaviors were included, the remaining NDE was RR 1.40 (95% CI 1.27–1.54). Working conditions explained 38% and health behaviors and BMI explained 16% of educational inequalities in health. Including all mediators explained 64% of educational inequalities in self-rated health.Conclusions:Working conditions and health behaviors explain over half of the educational inequalities in self-rated health. To reduce health inequalities, improving working conditions seems to be more important than introducing health promotion programs in the workforce.     

伴颈5/6椎间孔狭窄神经根型颈椎病影像学特点及临床意义

目的 观测伴C5/C6椎间孔狭窄神经根型颈椎病患者的颈椎间孔形态及三维空间下的各相关径值,分析并探讨其临床意义。方法 随机选取492例伴C5/C6椎间孔狭窄,在上海长征医院于2014年9月至2019年7月期间行手术治疗的神经根型颈椎病患者,行颈椎正侧位X线、颈椎CT、颈椎磁共振等检查,数字骨科系统重建后观测椎间孔形态并测量最佳投射角度下的纵径、上前后径、下前后径、横截面积、椎间隙高度等径值并对其进行统计学处理,比较病例组与正常成人组C5/C6椎间孔之间、病例组病变椎间孔与对侧椎间孔以及病例组中男女患者之间的差异。结果 病例组C5/C6椎间孔形态因骨赘增生等,以纺锤形、不规则形为主,病例组C5/C6椎间孔横径均值、纵径、横截面积、椎间隙平均高度分别为（5.81±1.40）mm、（10.45±1.70）mm、（50.02±15.46）mm2、（4.99±0.89）mm,均比正常成人组减小,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;男女间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 伴C5/C6椎间孔狭窄神经根型颈椎病患者的颈椎间孔的形态发生改变,导致椎间孔的横径均值及横截面积值均明显减小;椎间孔的横径在诊断颈椎间孔狭窄方面敏感性及特异性高;术中减压时应更加注重椎间孔横径的有效扩大,以提高手术效果。