Endobronchial ultrasound

During flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB), a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is sampled by means of transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), brush, or transbronchial lung biopsy under fluoroscopy; and mediastinal lymph nodes are sampled using "blind" TBNA. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) was developed to help visualize the lesion at the time of biopsy in order to improve the diagnostic yield. METHODS: There are two types of EBUS techniques: using a radial probe (RP) with a rotating transducer at the distal tip, which produces a 360 degrees image to the long axis of the bronchoscope; and using an EBUS bronchoscope with a linear transducer at its distal tip, producing a 50 degrees image parallel to its long axis. RESULTS: In biopsies of SPNs < 2 cm using an RP, EBUS demonstrates a higher diagnostic yield than conventional FB techniques. With mediastinal and hilar nodal stations, except for the subcarina, EBUS shows a higher yield over blind TBNA. The current procedural terminology code for EBUS is 31620, a "ZZZ" code submitted in addition to other performed procedures (31622-31638). In 2007, an estimate of physician Medicare reimbursement for EBUS is $70.49. Reimbursement is locality dependent and based on economic-exchange conversion factors. Incorporating an ultrasound image into the report substantiates the use of this technique. Limitations: The physician must learn ultrasound image interpretation and the EBUS technique, and be skilled in TBNA. Maintaining competency requires frequent performance of EBUS. CONCLUSION: EBUS-directed biopsy improves the yield over conventional FB for SPNs < 2 cm and for most mediastinal or hilar nodal stations. This reduces the need to conduct additional diagnostic procedures.     

Transcatheter atrial septal defect closure: modified balloon sizing technique to avoid overstretching the defect and oversizing the Amplatzer septal occluder.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a new technique of sizing atrial septal defects (ASDs) for transcatheter device closure. ASD closure using the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) device is commonly performed. Complications, including arrhythmias, pericardial effusions, and perforations, may be related to oversizing ASDs and choosing larger devices. Two methods were used to size ASDs using a compliant balloon. In some patients, the balloon was inflated until a waist was visible [(+)waist]; in others, only until no shunting was demonstrable by echocardiogram [echo; (-)waist]. The device was selected and implanted using standard procedure and echo guidance. One hundred seventeen patients underwent secundum ASD closure with an ASO device. There were 43 patients in the (-)waist group and 74 in the (+)waist group. All devices were implanted successfully. The initial echo ASD diameter was larger in the (-)waist group compared to the (+)waist group (P = 0.01). There was a smaller difference between the initial echo and balloon-sized ASD diameters in the (-)waist group (P < 0.02). ASO device size implanted (in mm greater than echo ASD diameter) was smaller in the (-)waist group (P < 0.01). There were 0/43 complications in the (-)waist group and 5/74 in the (+)waist group. The complete closure rate was the same in both groups. Sizing an ASD by inflating a compliant balloon just until shunting is eliminated, and not until a waist is visible, results in less overstretching of the ASD and selection of a smaller ASO device, achieving similar closure rates and potentially fewer complications.     

Temporary endosonography-guided biliary drainage for transgastrointestinal deployment of a self-expandable metallic stent

Endosonography-guided biliary drainage (ESBD) is now gaining acceptance as a useful alternative for the management of obstructive jaundice.(1) At present, ESBD is used mainly to establish an anastomosis between the biliary tree and the duodenum, stomach, jejunum, or esophagus by placing a stent so as to bridge the bile duct and alimentary tract. We herein report a new application of ESBD, that is, its temporary use for gaining access to the bile duct in order to deploy a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) via the transhepatic route. In a patient with pylorus stenosis due to advanced gastric cancer with extrahepatic bile duct obstruction caused by nodal metastasis, a plastic stent was placed temporarily by ESBD to bridge the esophagus and the left hepatic duct. Ten days later, the stent was retrieved, leaving a guidewire in the bile duct, and a delivery unit of a SEMS was introduced into the bile duct over the guidewire via the sinus tract. The SEMS was then successfully deployed through the stenosis. No stent was left in the sinus tract. This procedure yields a mature fistula through which a delivery unit can be safely introduced into the bile duct followed by uneventful deployment of a SEMS.     

应用正丁基-2-氰丙烯酸盐经门静脉硬化治疗胃底静脉曲张

目的 探讨应用正丁基-2-氰丙烯酸盐(NBCA)经门静脉硬化治疗胃底静脉曲张(GFV)的临床疗效及安全性. 方法经胃镜确诊为GFV的21例门静脉高压症患者接受了经门静脉硬化治疗,所有患者采取经皮经肝或经脾穿刺门静脉造影及供血静脉造影,然后用微导管插管到曲张静脉内,注入硬化剂NBCA和碘化油混合乳剂(NBCA LP).对8例伴有高流量胃肾分流者,治疗前经股静脉、左肾静脉放置阻塞球囊导管于分流道,治疗时扩张球囊阻塞分流道.随访评价包括血清肝功能指标变化、内镜复查及再出血情况. 结果 20例GFV成功进行硬化治疗(95.2%);未成功的1例,为高流量胃肾分流者,术中因未有阻塞球囊导管,未能进行治疗.5例少量NBCA-LP进入到肺动脉,2例出现一过性刺激性咳嗽,2例发生门静脉分支栓塞.术后6个月,血清ALT、白蛋白、凝血酶原时间明显改善,血清总胆红素变化不明显.15例患者3个月胃镜复查,GFV消失10例,好转4例,有效率93.3%(14/15),3例食管静脉曲张较术前加重(20.0%).平均随访(16.7±8.8)个月,再出血4例,1年累积再出血率为9.52%.结论 应用NBCA经门静脉硬化治疗是控制GFV破裂出血的安全有效方法,微导管技术、球囊逆行阻塞胃肾分流道技术是提高疗效、防止肺栓塞的关键.     

介入治疗心脏复合畸形疗效及安全性研究

目的评估介入治疗心脏复合畸形的可行性,安全性及疗效。方法心脏复合畸形患者10（男6,女4）例,年龄5～53岁。其中房间隔缺损（ASD）并发肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）2例、室间隔缺损（VSD）2例和动脉导管未闭（PDA）1例,PDA并发主动脉瓣关闭不全和PS各1例;VSD修补术后遗留ASD2例,ASD修补术后遗留PDA1例和刀刺伤致左室前侧术后遗留VSD1例。ASD或PDA并发PS者,先扩张肺动脉瓣,再行ASD或PDA封堵治疗。ASD并发VSD者,先封堵VSD,再封堵ASD。结果10例患者介入手术均1次成功。5例ASD封堵器的直径为8～38mm,2例膜部对称性VSD封堵器的直径为14mm和6mm,1例用10mm肌部VSD封堵器。2例PDA均用弹簧圈封堵。封堵PDA或VSD后造影无残余分流。封堵ASD后超声心动图示无残余分流。3例并发PS者,肺动脉瓣扩张术后即刻肺动脉跨瓣压差明显下降,由术前50、38、40mmHg分别降低为20、15和21mmHg。有1例PDA封堵弹簧圈脱落至肺动脉远端未能取出。随访1年肺功能正常,无肺不张。全部患者随访3个月～1年,无任何并发症发生。结论经导管介入治疗心脏复合畸形安全可行,近期疗效肯定。     

军队医院心血管疾病介入诊疗质量控制体系构建

为提高心血管疾病介入诊治技术的精细化管理水平,在全军范围内建立了心血管疾病介入诊疗技术资质准入及质量控制制度,该体系的建立,有效的保证医疗安全,杜绝过度医疗行为,并为在全军范围内实行心血管疾病数据挖掘及科研协作奠定基础,促进学科健康、快速、有序地发展。     

介入治疗41例子宫肌瘤继发中重度贫血的研究

目的 研究经皮股动脉穿刺选择性子宫动脉栓塞术（ UAE ）治疗育龄期妇女子宫肌瘤继发中重度贫血的疗效。方法 选择41例诊断为子宫肌瘤继发中重度贫血的患者行UAE治疗,随访6～12个月后观察患者临床症状、贫血改善情况和肌瘤大小。结果 UAE治疗6个月后,患者月经量多、经期延长、下腹坠痛、腰骶部不适、尿频或尿急症状较治疗前显著改善（χ^2分别为15．89、9．71、4．00、4．23、4．10,均P＜0．05）,治疗12个月后上述症状亦显著改善（χ^2分别为33．47、16．61、7．41、11．18、8．87,均P＜0．01）。治疗6个月后和12个月后血红蛋白均较治疗前显著升高（t值分别为15．36、18．79,均P＜0．01）,红细胞计数均较治疗前显著升高（t值分别为2．45、2．98,均P＜0．05）,红细胞压积均较治疗前显著升高（t值分别为7．36、8．41,均P＜0．05）。 UAE治疗6个月后和12个月后肌瘤直径均较治疗前显著缩小（ t值分别为5．42、6．69,均P＜0．05）。结论 UAE治疗育龄期妇女子宫肌瘤失血及继发中重度贫血的患者,能迅速止血、抢救患者生命并纠正贫血以及月经量,改善生活质量,保留子宫并使育龄期妇女有生育机会。     

Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysms: Review and Update

Giant coronary artery aneurysms are rare, with a reported prevalence of 0.02% to 0.2%. Causative factors include atherosclerosis, Takayasu arteritis, congenital disorders, Kawasaki disease, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Most giant coronary artery aneurysms are asymptomatic, but some patients present with angina pectoris, sudden death, fistula formation, pericardial tamponade, compression of surrounding structures, or congestive heart failure. Clinical sequelae include thrombus formation, embolization, fistula formation, and rupture. Surgical correction is generally accepted as the preferred treatment for giant coronary artery aneurysms. We present an illustrative case of a giant 70 × 40-mm coronary artery aneurysm in a 56-year-old man who declined surgery and died one month later. In addition, we provide a review of the medical literature on giant coronary artery aneurysms.     

不同固定方式对兔肝动脉介入插管的影响

【摘要】　目的?探讨两种不同固定方式对兔肝动脉插管技术难度的影响。方法?30只新西兰大白兔固定于自制木质平板手术台上行CT增强扫描,获取动脉期腹腔干和腹主动脉信息,CT多曲面重建获取腹腔干及其下层面腹主动脉间夹角;采用改良固定方式固定30只实验兔并获取腹腔干和腹主动脉间夹角。比较两种固定方式下兔腹腔干和腹主动脉夹角的差异。将30只实验兔随机分为实验组与对照组,实验组以改良固定方式固定兔,行股动脉穿刺肝动脉插管,对照组兔固定于木质平板手术台行肝动脉插管,获取并比较两组实验兔手术成功率、手术操作时间及手术并发症发生率。结果?平板固定方式下腹腔干和腹主动脉间夹角为117.93°±13.42°,改良固定方式下夹角为144.40°±14.76°（P＜0.05）;对照组肝动脉插管手术成功率为66.7%（10/15）,实验组为100%（15/15）（P＜0.05）;对照组血管夹层发生率为26.7%（4/15）,实验组为0%（P＜0.05）;对照组平均手术操作时间为（504.40±47.25） s,实验组为（88.87±14.99） s（P＜0.05）。结论?改良固定方式可改变兔腹腔干和腹主动脉夹角,有效降低肝动脉插管的技术难度,降低并发症发生率,缩短手术时间,提高操作成功率。     

急诊介入治疗原发性抗磷脂综合征并急性大面积肺栓塞1例

抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)是一种非炎症性自身免疫性疾病,临床上以动脉、静脉血栓形成、血小板减少等症状为主要表现。现报告1例31岁男性抗磷脂综合征患者,因伴有重度血小板减少并大面积肺栓塞的介入治疗过程。