精神分裂症患者住院时间与疗效的关系

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者住院时间与疗效的关系。方法:以10 d为间隔将235例精神分裂症患者按住院时间分为7~20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d及60 d组,在住院第1周和最后1周分别应用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及自知力和治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)评估病情及自知力;分析住院时间与疗效的关系。结果:235例患者平均住院时间为64.3 d;住院时间与出院时ITAQ总分(r=0.294)、PANSS总分(r=-0.407)、阳性症状分(r=-0.369)及PANSS总分减分率(r=0.377)、阳性症状分减分率(r=-0.369)的相关系数在7~30 d组最大;住院≥31 d后其疗效与30 d比较差异无统计学意义。结论:精神分裂症患者住院30 d后,疗效可能不会随着住院时间延长而显著改善。     

An overview of the patterns of prescription opioid use,costs and related harms in Australia

AimsTo report Australian population trends in subsidized prescribed opioid use, total costs to the Australian government to subsidize these medicines and opioid-related harms based on hospitalizations and accidental poisoning deaths.MethodsWe utilized three national aggregated data sources including dispensing claims from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, opioid-related hospitalizations from the National Hospital Morbidity Database and accidental poisoning deaths from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.ResultsBetween 1992 and 2012, opioid dispensing episodes increased 15-fold (500 000 to 7.5 million) and the corresponding cost to the Australian government increased 32-fold ($8.5 million to $271 million). Opioid-related harms also increased. Opioid-related hospitalizations increased from 605 to 1464 cases (1998–2009), outnumbering hospitalizations due to heroin poisonings since 2001. Deaths due to accidental poisoning (pharmaceutical opioids and illicit substances combined) increased from 151 to 266 (2002–2011), resulting in a rise in the death rate of 0.78 to 1.19 deaths/100 000 population over 10 years. Death rates increased 1.8 fold in males and 1.4 fold in females.ConclusionsThe striking increase in opioid use and related harms in Australia is consistent with trends observed in other jurisdictions. Further, there is no evidence to suggest these increases are plateauing. There is currently limited evidence in Australia about individual patterns of opioid use and the associated risk of adverse events. Further research should focus on these important issues so as to provide important evidence supporting effective change in policy and practice.     

A systematic review of hospitalization resulting from medicine-related problems in adult patients

Aims

Medicine-related problems (MRPs) represent a major issue leading to hospitalization, especially in adult and elderly patients. The aims of this review are to investigate the prevalence, causes and major risk factors for MRPs leading to hospitalization in adult patients and to identify the main medicine classes involved.

Methods

Studies were identified through electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Scopus and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts between January 2000 and May 2013. A systematic review was conducted of both retrospective and prospective studies. Studies included were those involving hospitalization resulting from MRPs in adults (≥18 years old), whereas studies excluded were those investigating drug misuse and abuse and studies investigating MRPs in hospitalized patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.

Results

Forty-five studies were identified, including 21 that investigated hospitalization resulting from adverse drug reactions, six studies that investigated hospitalization due to adverse drug events and 18 studies that investigated hospitalization due to MRPs. The median prevalence rates of hospitalization resulting from adverse drug reactions, adverse drug events and MRPs were 7% (interquartile range, 2.4–14.9%), 4.6% (interquartile range, 2.85–16.6%) and 12.1% (interquartile range, 6.43–22.2%), respectively. The major causes contributing to MRPs were adverse drug reactions and noncompliance. In addition, the major risk factors associated with MRPs were old age, polypharmacy and comorbidities. Moreover, the main classes of medicines implicated were medicines used to treat cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Conclusions

Hospitalization due to MRPs had a high prevalence, in the range of 4.6–12.1%. Most MRPs encountered were prevalent among adult patients taking medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.     

Do SGLT-2 inhibitors exhibit similar cardiovascular benefit in patients having reduced ejection fraction heart failure with type 2 diabetes,prediabetes and normoglycemia?

Background and aimsWe aimed to know whether SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2I) exhibit similar cardiovascular (CV) benefit in patients having reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HFrEF) with varying degree of glycemia.MethodWe meta-analyzed the trial-level hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval of randomized trials that reported the CV outcomes stratified in to three subgroups of normoglycemia, prediabetes and diabetes.ResultsThis meta-analysis found a significant and similar CV risk reduction in patients with HFrEF without any significant interaction between three subgroups (P_Intercation = 0.98).ConclusionsSGLT-2I exhibit similar CV risk reduction in HFrEF, regardless of baseline glycemic status. However, this finding is limited to pooled data from only 2 studies in people without T2DM.