膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术后输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄的处理

目的：探讨膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术后输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄的处理方法。方法：我科自2003年1月～2012年6月采用膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗395例膀胱癌患者。术后发生输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄10例,采用输尿管镜扩张、内镜下逆行／经皮穿刺顺行球囊扩张、内镜下狭窄段内切开、开放输尿管膀胱再植术,并留置双J管3～6个月。结果：本组10例中,1例（1处）因导丝不能通过狭窄段而改行开放手术,术后随访36个月,肾积水明显改善。其余9例（11处）采用腔内技术处理,其中3例（4处）采用输尿管镜扩张,2例（3处）采用内镜下狭窄段内切开,4例（4处）采用内镜下逆行／经皮穿刺顺行球囊扩张。术后随访9～72个月（中位25个月）。5例（7处）肾积水明显改善,2例（2处）肾积水长期随访无加重,2例（2处,狭窄段长分别为1．2cm、1．5cm）再发狭窄,遂采用开放手术,分别随访16及24个月,肾积水改善。结论：腔内技术操作简单,创伤小,可作为输尿管肠吻合口良性狭窄的首选治疗方案。开放手术仍然是治疗输尿管肠吻合口狭窄的金标准。对于狭窄段〉1cm的患者,应首先考虑开放手术。     

胆管囊状扩张症:新的临床分型与治疗策略

目的 提出胆管囊状扩张症的临床分型及针对不同分型的治疗策略和手术方法.方法 回顾性分析1993年6月至2010年6月解放军总医院收治的434例胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料.收集和重新分析患者腹部CT、MRI、MRCP和胆道造影检查结果,根据胆管囊状扩张病变累及胆管树的部位及范围,结合其临床病理特征、发病因素及适用的手术方式提出一种新的胆管囊状扩张症的临床分型;分析新分型中不同胆管囊状扩张症的临床表现、手术方式、围手术期结果、随访结果等资料,针对不同分型胆管囊状扩张症制订治疗策略和手术方法.率的比较采用x2检验,理论频数＜5或总观测频数＜ 30时,采用Fisher确切概率法.结果 根据囊状扩张病变累及胆管树的部位及病理特征将其分为5种类型:(1)A型:周围肝管型肝内胆管囊状扩张.A1型:囊状扩张病变局限分布于部分肝段;A2型:囊状扩张病变弥漫分布于全肝.(2)B型:中央肝管型肝内胆管囊状扩张.B1型:单侧肝叶中央肝管囊状扩张;B2型:囊状扩张病变同时累及双侧肝叶主肝管及左、右肝管汇合部.(3)C型:肝外胆管型胆管囊状扩张.C1型:囊状扩张病变未累及胰腺段胆管;C2型:囊状扩张病变累及胰腺段胆管.(4)D型:肝内外胆管型胆管囊状扩张.D1型:囊状扩张病变累及单叶中央肝管和肝外胆管;D2型:囊状扩张病变累及双侧肝叶中央肝管和肝外胆管.(5)E型:壶腹胆管型胆管囊状扩张.本组434例胆管囊状扩张症患者中,A型24例(A1型17例、A2型7例),B型13例(B1型10例、B2型3例),C型300例(C1型56例、C2型244例),D型96例(D1型17例、D2型79例),E型1例.24例A型患者中,14例伴有先天性肝纤维化,16例合并多囊肾病,区别于其他各型患者.手术方式:24例A型患者中,17例A1型患者行部分肝切除术,3例A2型患者行肝移植,1例A2型患者行囊状扩张病变穿刺引流术,3例A2型患者采用非手术治疗;13例B型患者中,12例患者行肝切除术,1例患者合并胆管癌,采用非手术治疗;300例C型患者中,286例患者行肝外囊状扩张病变切除+胆管空肠吻合术,14例患者因囊状扩张胆管恶变行胆管癌根治性切除术;96例D型患者中,35例患者行肝外胆管囊状扩张病变切除+肝切除(肝内胆管囊状扩张病变累及的部分肝组织)+胆管空肠吻合术,59例患者仅行肝外囊状扩张病变切除术,1例D1型和1例D2型患者伴有胆管癌,行根治性切除术;1例E型患者行EST治疗.399例患者获得随访,随访时间l～15年,平均随访57个月.33例患者出现胆管空肠吻合口狭窄和(或)结石.24例患者并发胆管癌,其中15例患者于随访期内死亡.46例患者因复发性胆管炎伴有吻合口狭窄或结石、肿瘤实施再次手术治疗(胆管空肠再吻合术、内镜下胆管取石术、胆管癌根治性切除术等).其余患者无相关临床症状或偶发轻度的胆管炎,经对症治疗缓解.D型患者中联合肝切除者与仅行肝外胆管囊状扩张病变切除者的症状缓解率、狭窄和(或)结石复发率、再手术率分别为88.2％(30/34)、8.8％ (93/34)、11.8％ (4/34)和64.4％(38/59)、28.8％(17/59)、35.6％ (21/59),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 新的胆管囊状扩张症分型基于囊状扩张病变累及胆管树的部位及其病理特征,对于不同分型的胆管囊状扩张症选择不同的治疗策略和手术方法具有明确的指导作用.     

腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术对卵巢控制性超促排卵的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术对卵巢控制性超促排卵(controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, COH)的影响.方法对161例(172周期)既往开腹或腹腔镜确诊的子宫内膜异位症合并不育患者行体外受精-胚胎移植术COH和助孕结局进行回顾性分析.其中42例(43周期)未行卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,为非囊肿剔除组;55例(59周期)曾行开腹卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,为开腹组;64例(70周期)曾行腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,为腹腔镜组.结果 3组间年龄、卵泡数、获卵数、受精率、优质胚胎数、移植胚胎数无显著性差异(P>0.05).非囊肿剔除组临床妊娠率41.5%(17/41),腹腔镜组33.3%(23/69),开腹组25.5%(14/55),差异无显著性(χ2=2.754,P=0.252).86例(90周期)行单侧卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,其中开腹组(37周期)手术侧卵巢的主导卵泡数(4.41±4.02)低于对侧卵巢(6.14±4.37)(t=-2.364,P=0.024).腹腔镜组(53周期)手术侧卵巢主导卵泡数(3.33±3.50)明显低于对侧卵巢(6.40±3.61)(t=-5.358,P=0.000).结论腹腔镜和开腹卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术均可影响卵巢COH.     

Oncologic,Functional, and Complications Outcomes of Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Totally Intracorporeal Neobladder Diversion

Background

Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with totally intracorporeal neobladder diversion is a complex procedure that has been reported with good outcomes in small series.

Objective

To present complications and oncologic and functional outcomes of this procedure.

Design, setting, and participants

Between 2003 and 2012 in a tertiary referral center, 70 patients were operated on by two experienced robotic surgeons. Data were collected prospectively and reviewed retrospectively.

Intervention

RARC with totally intracorporeal modified Studer ileal neobladder formation.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The overall outcome of RARC with a totally intracorporeal neobladder was presented by assessing (1) surgical margins, (2) recurrence or cancer-specific death at 24 mo, (3) 30-d and 90-d complications graded according to the modified Clavien-Dindo system, (4) daytime and nighttime continence (no or one pad per day) at 6 and 12 mo, and (5) satisfactory sexual activity or potency at 6 mo and 12 mo. Survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier plots.

Results and limitations

Median follow-up of the cohort was 30.3 mo (interquartile range: 12.7–35.6). We recorded negative margins in 69 of 70 patients (98.6%). Clavien 3–5 complications occurred in 22 of 70 patients (31.4%) at 30 d and 13 of 70 (18.6%) at >30 d. At 90 d, the overall complication rate was 58.5%. Clavien <3 and Clavien ≥3 complications were recorded in 15 of 70 patients (21.4%) and 26 of 70 (37.1%), respectively. Kaplan-Meier estimates for recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival at 24 mo were 80.7%, 88.9%, and 88.9%, respectively. Daytime continence and satisfactory sexual function or potency at 12 mo ranged between 70% and 90% in both men and women. Limitations of this study include its retrospective design, selection bias due to the learning curve phase, and missing data.

Conclusions

In this expert center for RARC, outcomes after RARC with totally intracorporeal neobladder diversion appear satisfactory and in line with contemporary open series.     

Gender-specific Differences in Clinicopathologic Outcomes Following Radical Cystectomy: An International Multi-institutional Study of More Than 8000 Patients

Background

The impact of gender on the staging and prognosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is insufficiently understood.

Objective

To assess gender-specific differences in pathologic factors and survival of UCB patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC).

Design, setting, and participants

Data from 8102 patients treated with RC (6497 men [80%] and 1605 women [20%]) for UCB between 1971 and 2012 were analyzed.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Multivariable competing-risk regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship of gender on disease recurrence (DR) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM). We also tested the interaction of gender and tumor stage, nodal status, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI).

Results and limitations

Female patients were older at the time of RC (p = 0.033) and had higher rates of pathologic stage T3/T4 disease (p < 0.001). In univariable, but not in multivariable analysis, female gender was associated with a higher risk of DR (p = 0.022 and p = 0.11, respectively). Female gender was an independent predictor for CSM (p = 0.004). We did not find a significant interaction between gender and stage, nodal metastasis, or LVI (all p values >0.05).

Conclusions

We found female gender to be associated with a higher risk of CSM following RC. However, these findings do not appear to be explained by gender differences in pathologic stage, nodal status, or LVI. This gender disparity may be due to differences in care and/or the biology of UCB.     

Radical cystectomy and the implications of comorbidity

Radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymph node dissection constitutes the gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and high-risk nonmuscle-invasive disease refractory to instillation therapy. Although RC is performed with curative intent, the overall 5-year survival has been reported to be as low as 62% in the current literature. Various clinicopathological parameters determine post-RC outcome, but besides these, the role of comorbidity has gained increasing attention. In the current clinical practice, comorbidity information is quantified using various evaluated comorbidity indices. In this paper, we discuss the most recent data on comorbidity and performance indices assessed in patients undergoing RC and highlight their clinical implications.     

Clinical and therapeutic significance of aberrant differentiation patterns in bladder cancer

Pure urothelial carcinoma makes up 90–95% of all bladder cancer. The remaining 5–10% represent urothelial carcinoma with aberrant differentiation patterns and nonurothelial carcinoma. Reviews on this topic often focus on the pathological features of these histologic subtypes. In this review we have summarized the clinical significance of each major histologic pattern and analyzed the response of each to standard treatment modalities. The main limitation to optimizing management is the inability to perform clinical trials owing to the rarity of these tumors. This can be circumvented to some degree by extrapolating knowledge acquired from more common similar tumors in other organ sites. Ultimately, however, multicenter clinical trials will need to be organized to address some key management issues.     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切全去带乙状结肠代膀胱术后并发症的观察及护理

膀胱肿瘤是泌尿系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤,腹腔镜下膀胱癌根治全去带乙状结肠代膀胱术是近几年发展起来的一项微创外科技术,与传统开放手术相比,其优点在于创伤小、出血量少,肠道功能恢复快,住院时间短等。该手术操作复杂、涉及泌尿和消化系统,围术期并发症发生率较高,     

男性全膀胱切除后下尿路功能重建——附120例报告

目的 改良全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床经验.方法 采用改良全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术治疗局部浸润性膀胱癌患者120例,均为男性,平均年龄55.6岁.120例中移行细胞癌113例,鳞癌3例,腺癌4例.TNM临床分期T2N0M0101例、T3N0M0 7例、T3N1M0 2例.统计手术时间、术中出血和输血量,对新膀胱功能、并发症、肿瘤控制和病人生存情况进行随访分析.结果 120例患者无手术死亡,手术时间185～332分钟,平均254分钟.术中出血150～1270 ml,输血40例.病理分期T1N0M0 3例,T2N0M0 111例,T3aN0M0、T3aN1M0和T3bN1M0各2例.随访4～71个月,平均37个月.111例无瘤生存,因肿瘤死亡9例.新膀胱白天控尿良好112例(93.3%),夜间控尿良好95例(79.2%).残余尿量0～100 ml 112例,101～250 ml 8例.主要并发症:切口裂开3例,二次缝合治愈;输尿管吻合口漏1例,再吻合后治愈;输尿管口狭窄4侧,2侧经内镜下切开和扩张纠正,2侧行输尿管新膀胱再吻合治愈.输尿管口粘连4侧,经内镜下手术纠正;严重肠梗阻3例和慢性酸中毒低钾2例,均经内科处理纠正.结论 改良全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术后严重并发症少、肿瘤控制满意,重建的新膀胱功能良好,能较好保持患者的生活质量,是目前治疗浸润性膀胱癌最理想的方法之一.     

尿流改道及膀胱替代成形术的进展

尿流改道及膀胱替代成形术的出现及临床不断地改进发展为以泌尿系肿瘤、畸形为代表的严重泌尿系疾病的治疗提供了新的有效治疗手段,倍受国内外泌尿外科医师的重视,尤其是膀胱替代成形术已成为目前泌尿外手术水平的标志性手术之一。本文对尿流改道及膀胱替代成形术的历史与现状进行了综述。