Developments in treatment of primary irresectable rectal cancer

Abstract The treatment options for primary irresectable rectal cancers are discussed. Assessment of tumour stage is the first step for an appropriate choice of treatment. Following a diagnosis of rectal cancer, a vast array of diagnostic procedures is available to determine its stage, and thereby its best treatment options. From the many (new) diagnostic options the merits and drawbacks are discussed. If a diagnosis of irresectability is made, further treatment options should include radiotherapy in most cases, some aspects of timing and application, i.e. intra-operative treatment are discussed. Chemotherapy options are manifold, the results are discussed and some new options are explored.     

Successful treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the female urethra with combined radio- and chemotherapy

We report on two cases of women with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra. Patient 1 also displayed regional lymph node metastasis. Treatment comprised combined radiotherapy to 60 Gy and chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Complete response was obtained in both patients, including the inguinal lymph nodes of Patient 1. Patient 1 experienced recurrent inguinal lymph node metastasis on the contralateral side at 42 months after initial treatment, and the same treatment was performed followed by surgical excision. Both patients remain alive with no evidence of disease, at 12 months after recurrence in Patient 1, and at 27 months after treatment in Patient 2.     

ELFP方案治疗晚期鼻咽癌及上消化道癌疗效分析

目的探索ELFP方案治疗转移复发的晚期鼻咽癌、食管癌、胃癌的临床疗效和毒性.方法选择病理证实的64例晚期鼻咽癌、食管癌、胃癌采用Vp-16 0.1 g静滴,d1-3;CF 0.1 g静滴,d1-3 5-FU 0.5 g静滴,d1-3;DDP 50 mg静滴,d1-2;21 d为1周期.治疗2～6个周期.结果鼻咽癌,食管癌、胃癌有效率(CR PR)分别为75%、70%、43.8%,其中胃癌与鼻咽癌及食管癌分别比较有差异;单病灶与多病灶之间疗效无差异.全组病例总生存期为3～41月,中位生存期分别为11.5、10、7.5个月.主要毒性为骨髓抑制,其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ度白细胞下降占21.9%;Ⅲ、Ⅳ度血红蛋白下降占15.6%;Ⅲ、Ⅳ度血小板下降占3.1%.Ⅲ、Ⅳ度恶心、呕吐发生率为7.8%.结论ELFP对晚期鼻咽癌及食管癌有较好的疗效,其毒性可以耐受,是临床治疗鼻咽癌,食管癌切实可行的方案.     

Local blood flow changes in malignant brain tumours under induced hypertension

Summary Changes in tumour blood flow under an induced hypertensive state were examined in malignant brain tumours to know if the precondition for the effectiveness of induced hypertensive chemotherapy — relative increase in tumour blood flow — are fulfilled. Tumour blood flow was measured under both a resting and an induced hypertensive state in 12 patients with various malignant brain tumours (6 gliomas, 6 metastatic brain tumours) using xenon-enhanced computed tomography. The blood pressure was elevated 40% above the systemic blood pressure of the resting state by the infusion of angiotensin II. Tumour blood flow increased 30% on average above the normal brain tissue blood flow after the induction of an induced hypertensive state (p < 0.05). The tumour blood flow increased in 11 cases of malignant tumours, but decreased in one case with massive brain oedema after induced hypertension. The increase in blood flow was higher in hypervascular tumours and less in hypovascular tumours. Therefore, induced hypertensive chemotherapy probably will be more effective in hypervascular malignant brain tumours with small mass effects.     

全植入式药泵行肝血管灌注治疗晚期肝癌

对２４例不能切除的晚期肝癌采用完全植入式药泵行肝动脉和门静脉双灌注化疗。结果：部分缓解（ＰＲ）１５例（６２．５％），稳定（Ｓ）８例（３３．３％），进展（Ｐ）１例。平均生存期为９．１７月，半年生存率为６６．７％，１年为２５％。在ＡＦＰ＞４００μｇ／Ｌ的１０例中，５例下降。     

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目的 探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌术前短程化疗的意义。方法 122例临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌术前用CEF方案化疗1疗程，化疗后3-5d手术。结果 部分缓解21例(占17．2％)，轻度缓解76例(占62．3％)，无变化25例(占20．5％)，无临床进展病例。术前可扪及腋窝肿大淋巴结42例，化疗后30例见淋巴结明显缩小或消失。病理组织学观察75例镜下见肿瘤细胞有小点片状坏死。106例按计划手术；16例因白细胞降低等化疗反应推迟手术。全组随访1～6年，无局部复发病例；6例在随访期间1～3年内发现骨转移，经放疗和化疗控制；仅1例同时有骨转移和肺转移者于术后4年死亡；余均健在。结论 可手术乳腺癌的术前短程化疗可观察到肿瘤缩小等治疗效果，为术后化疗提供指导。并可能减少术中血行转移和提高疗效。     

Use of acute peritoneal dialysis catheters for intraperitoneal chemotherapy instead of the semipermanent/permanent Tenkhoff catheters

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy was administered to 13 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, using acute peritoneal dialysis catheters immediately before the administration of the chemotherapy. A total of 59 cycles were administered, with insertion of the corresponding catheter. There were no inflow or outflow problems and no insertion-related complications. With the removal of the catheter after its use, there is no risk of abdominal infections.     

小细胞肺癌的二线化疗及研究进展

 小细胞肺癌（SCLC）恶性度较高，早期即可发生血行转移，但对放化疗敏感，故SCLC治疗应以全身化疗为主，联合放疗和手术为主要治疗手段。尽管SCLC化疗的有效率较高，但对于广泛期SCLC患者，从化疗耐药开始至患者死亡的中位时间仍不满意。对于局限期 SCLC患者在诱导放化疗后仍有75 % ~ 80 %出现复发，故二线治疗是治疗SCLC的重点。     

亚甲蓝与BCNU抗大鼠C6胶质细胞瘤协同作用的研究

目的:研究亚甲蓝(MB)对大鼠脑胶质瘤C6的增殖抑制及与化疗药物1,3-双(2-氯乙基)-1-亚硝基脲(BCNU)的协同抗肿瘤作用.方法:用MTT比色法测定MB对C6细胞的抑制作用,观察MB和BCNU对Wistar大鼠C6胶质瘤模型的治疗效果.结果:MB对C6细胞的增殖具有明显的浓度依赖性抑制作用;MB、BCNU联合应用与BCNU的单独应用对C6大鼠肿瘤模型的作用有明显差别(P＜0.01).结论:MB对C6细胞的增殖具有抑制作用,与BCNU具有协同的抗胶质细胞瘤作用.     

NP与GP方案治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌近期疗效观察

目的：观察长春瑞宾（NVB）与顺铂（DDP）组成的NP方案和吉西他滨（GEM）与顺铂（DDP）组成的GP方案对局部晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的近期疗效和毒副作用。方法：将经病理组织学或细胞学证实的45例局部晚期NSCLC患者随机分为两组,A组（NP方案组）23例,B组（GP方案组）22例,分别给予NVB＋DDP及GEM＋DDP化疗,21天为一周期。结果：A组有效率为47.8%,B组有效率为54.5%,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。两组毒性反应均以骨髓抑制最为常见,消化道反应和静脉炎亦常见。Ⅲ～Ⅳ度白细胞减少发生率A组为34.8%,B组为31.8%;Ⅲ～Ⅳ度血小板减少发生率A组为4.3%,B组为9.1%。差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。静脉炎发生率A组为34.8%,B组为0,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：NP方案和GP方案治疗NSCLC疗效相近,毒性反应均可耐受。