Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate M1 Microglial Activation in Brain Injury of Mice With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via microRNA-140-5p Delivery

BackgroundIt is documented that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) to modulate subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) development. miR-140-5p expression has been detected in MSC-derived EVs, while the mechanism of MSC-derived EVs containing miR-140-5p in SAH remains unknown. We aim to fill this void by establishing SAH mouse models and extracting MSCs and MSC-EVs.MethodsAfter ALK5 was silenced in SAH mice, neurological function was evaluated, neuron apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling with NeuN staining, and expression of serum inflammatory factors (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of ALK5 on NOX2 expression was assessed by western-blot analysis. Targeting the relationship between miR-140-5p and ALK5 was evaluated by dual luciferase assay. Following extraction of MSCs and MSC-EVs, EVs and miR-140-5p were labeled by PKH67 and Cy3, respectively, to identify the transferring of miR-140-5p by MSC-EVs. SAH mice were treated with EVs from miR-140-5p mimic/inhibitor-transfected MSCs to detect effects of MSC-EV-miR-140-5p on brain injury and microglial polarization.ResultsALK5 silencing increased the neurological score and reduced neuron apoptosis and neuroinflammation in SAH mice. ALK5 silencing inhibited M1 microglia activation by inactivating NOX2. ALK5 was a target gene of miR-140-5p. MSC-derived EVs contained miR-140-5p and transferred miR-140-5p into microglia. MSC-EV-delivered miR-140-3p reduced ALK5 expression to contribute to repression of brain injury and M1 microglia activation in SAH mice.ConclusionsMSC-derived EVs transferred miR-140-5p into microglia to downregulate ALK5 and NOX2, thus inhibiting M1 microglia activation in SAH mice.     

Joubert综合征的MRI表现及诊断价值

目的：探讨Joubert综合征的MRI扫描方法、表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析5例患儿Joubert综合征临床、MRI资料。结果：小脑半球间“中线裂”、“蝙蝠翼”状和“三角形”第四脑室,以及中脑水平的“磨牙征”,是Joubert综合征的典型MRI表现。本组5例均具有上述征像。结论：Joubert综合征的MRI表现具有特征性,结合临床可明确诊断。     

The association between adverse childhood experiences and adult traumatic brain injury/concussion: a scoping review

Background: Adverse childhood experiences are significant risk factors for physical and mental illnesses in adulthood. Traumatic brain injury/concussion is a challenging condition where pre-injury factors may affect recovery. The association between childhood adversity and traumatic brain injury/concussion has not been previously reviewed. The research question addressed is: What is known from the existing literature about the association between adverse childhood experiences and traumatic brain injury/concussion in adults?

Methods: All original studies of any type published in English since 2007 on adverse childhood experiences and traumatic brain injury/concussion outcomes were included. The literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases. Arksey and O’Malley and Levac et al.’s scoping review frameworks were used. Two reviewers independently completed screening and data abstraction.

Results: The review yielded six observational studies. Included studies were limited to incarcerated or homeless samples, and individuals at high-risk of or with mental illnesses. Across studies, methods for childhood adversity and traumatic brain injury/concussion assessment were heterogeneous.

Discussion: A positive association between adverse childhood experiences and traumatic brain injury occurrence was identified. The review highlights the importance of screening and treatment of adverse childhood experiences. Future research should extend to the general population and implications on injury recovery.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• Exposure to adverse childhood experiences is associated with increased risk of traumatic brain injury.

• Specific types of adverse childhood experiences associated with risk of traumatic brain injury include childhood physical abuse, psychological abuse, household member incarceration, and household member drug abuse.

• Clinicians and researchers should inquire about adverse childhood experiences in all people with traumatic brain injury as pre-injury health conditions can affect recovery.

     

急性脑梗死血浆凝血酶调节蛋白的动态监测

目的探讨凝血酶调节蛋白（TM）作为一种血管内皮损伤标志物在临床检测中的意义。方法选择2003年2月至2006年2月我院门诊及住院的63例高血压患者和脑梗死患者为病例组。其中高血压病组37例,急性脑梗死组26例,另选择体检中心进行体检的43例健康者为对照组。采用ELISA方法检测高血压患者和急性脑梗死患者血浆TM浓度。统计学采用t检验,用SPSS10.0软件进行统计学处理（P〈0.05）。结果高血压患者血浆TM水平明显高于健康对照组。高血压合并脑梗死TM值增高;急性脑梗死在发病3～7d TM浓度最高;大面积脑梗死患者血浆TM水平比腔隙性脑梗死患者明显增高;头颅核磁梗死范围越大,血浆TM水平越高。结论血浆TM水平改变对脑梗死的分期、严重程度及其转归判断有临床意义。     

脑干听觉及体感诱发电位对重型颅脑损伤病人预后的判断

目的分析探讨脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)及体感诱发电位(SEP)与重型颅脑损伤病人预后的关系。方法应用诱发电位仪对85例重型颅脑损伤患者早期行BAEP及SEP检查,并进行动态监测。结果重复检查BAEP及SEP均正常者,预后良好;BAEP及SEP均异常者,预后极差,与其他几组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论BAEP与SEP联合应用并重复检查,可以比较准确的评估重型颅脑损伤患者的预后。     

高原大鼠颅脑损伤局部脑组织氧分压变化特点

目的建立模拟高原条件下大鼠开放性颅脑损伤的实验模型,探讨模拟高原颅脑战伤伤情特点,为高原颅脑战伤救治提供实验依据.方法通过民用射钉枪射击建立大鼠开放性颅脑损伤的模型;通过低压氧舱模拟高原条件,并与正常平原环境条件下对照,观察模型的伤情特点;应用LICOX CMP组织氧监测仪进行局部脑组织氧分压动态监测.结果本实验条件下所制备的大鼠开放性颅脑损伤模型,伤情稳定,可重复性好;局部脑组织氧分压于伤后1 h开始明显下降,在伤后24～48 h下降到最低,之后开始恢复;高原对照组与平原对照组相比,局部脑组织氧分压无明显差异,在伤后1 h仍无明显差异,在伤后6～72 h高原组则明显低于平原组.结论通过民用射钉枪射击致伤,并结合低压氧舱持续减压,可以成功建立模拟高原条件下大鼠低速低能投射物所致的开放性颅脑损伤模型;与平原对照组相比,高原缺氧对照组大鼠局部脑组织氧分压无明显变化,但模拟高原条件下开放性颅脑损伤伤后伤区局部脑组织缺氧下降更为严重、持续时间更长,表明局部脑组织氧分压监测能较好地反映颅脑损伤后缺血缺氧状态,尤其在高原缺氧环境下更具有特殊重要意义.     

颅脑外伤术中脑膨出的分型及治疗

目的 探讨颅脑外伤患者开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的分型及综合治疗.方法 回顾我院自2008年5月至2010年5月的545例脑外伤开颅患者,对其术中发生脑膨出的132例患者分五型,对侧硬膜外血肿型(Ⅰ型);窦汇区硬膜外血肿型(Ⅱ型);对侧额颞部硬膜下血肿、脑挫裂伤型(Ⅲ型);大面积脑梗死型(Ⅳ型);弥漫性脑肿胀型(Ⅴ型).分析各型临床特点,采用综合治疗措施.结果 根据伤后6个月GOS预后评分判断患者预后,Ⅰ型:GOS 1分14例,GOS 2、3分2例,GOS 4、5分12例;Ⅱ型:GOS 1分7例,GOS 2、3分3例,GOS 4、5分2例;Ⅲ型:GOS 1分14例,GOS 2、3分4例,GOS 4、5分2例;Ⅳ型:GOS 1分18例,GOS 2、3分4例,GOS 4、5分3例;Ⅴ型:GOS 1分44例,GOS 2、3分3例,GOS 4、5分0例.经过Ridit分析,认为五型之间的预后差异有高度的统计学意义( Hc=38.53,P＜0.01).结论 颅脑外伤术中脑膨出的分型能反映临床特点及预后,对临床治疗有指导意义,并可提高早期预后判断的准确性和可靠性.     

脑转移瘤治疗方法的选择及疗效分析

目的探讨脑转移瘤的治疗方法并分析疗效。方法对103例脑转移瘤的肿瘤来源、大小、数目及不同治疗方法进行比较分析。结果46例（44．7％）存活1年以上。单发肿瘤行手术切除或立体定向放射外科治疗,2cm以下的多发肿瘤行放疗加化疗或行立体定向放射外科治疗其生存期较长。结论对于4cm以上大型转移瘤可行手术切除,小于4cm的单发或3cm以下的多发肿瘤应首选立体定向放射外科治疗。     

颅脑损伤患者血浆硫化氢含量的变化及其意义

目的探讨颅脑损伤后血浆硫化氢（H2S）含量的变化及其意义。方法2011年9月~2012年6月收治颅脑损伤144例,其中重型48例,中型46例,轻型50例;另选同期健康体检者52例作为对照。采用改良亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定患者血浆H2S含量,分析其与颅脑损伤严重程度的关系。结果重、中、轻型颅脑损伤患者及对照组血浆H2S含量分别为（27．92±7．25）umol,L、（36．15±4．80）umol／L、（45．16±3．72）umol／L和（48．79±6．28）umol／L,两两相较均相差非常显著（P〈0．01）。结论本研究表明颅脑损伤的严重程度与患者血浆中H2S含量呈负相关,提示颅脑损伤后H2S血浆含量降低可能参与颅脑损伤后继发性脑损伤的发生和发展。