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31.
Ashutosh Dash Maroor Raghavan Ambikalmajan Pillai Furn F. Knapp Jr. 《Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging》2015,49(2):85-107
Background: This review provides a comprehensive summary of the production of 177Lu to meet expected future research and clinical demands. Availability of options represents the cornerstone for sustainable growth for the routine production of adequate activity levels of 177Lu having the required quality for preparation of a variety of 177Lu-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. The tremendous prospects associated with production of 177Lu for use in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) dictate that a holistic consideration should evaluate all governing factors that determine its success. Methods: While both “direct” and “indirect” reactor production routes offer the possibility for sustainable 177Lu availability, there are several issues and challenges that must be considered to realize the full potential of these production strategies. Results: This article presents a mini review on the latest developments, current status, key challenges and possibilities for the near future. Conclusion: A broad understanding and discussion of the issues associated with 177Lu production and processing approaches would not only ensure sustained growth and future expansion for the availability and use of 177Lu-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, but also help future developments. 相似文献
32.
Mariko Takahashi Kayoko Kabaya Kenichi Sekiya Futoshi Matsuda Yoshimasa Sekiya Shinichi Esaki Yuji Sato Akira Inagaki Shingo Murakami 《Auris, nasus, larynx》2018,45(4):711-717
Objective
Tinnitus is an auditory sensation that can cause discomfort or even pain. Because patients with tinnitus frequently have psychological problems, self-reporting of the severity of tinnitus is unreliable. We developed a new grading system and practical protocol for the systematic treatment of tinnitus that accounts for its severity, patients’ psychological problems, and the frequency of catastrophic episodes. The aim of this study is to employ and validate the new system in patients with tinnitus.Methods
This study comprised two parts: (i) We identified 113 patients, who were then analyzed in terms of severity of tinnitus, psychological problems, and catastrophic episodes. They were then classified into 5 grades, and the records of their previous treatments were scrutinized. From these records, we designed a practical treatment protocol suitable for each of the 5 grades.(ii) We then identified 82 new patients, and graded and treated them according to the system developed in part (i). Patients were followed-up for at least 6 months; treatment efficacy was evaluated using the pre- and post-treatment scores on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Psychological status was also assessed with the DSM-IV.Results
(i) The overall patient group was categorized as follows: Grade I, 38 patients, average THI = 37.6 points, average HADS = 10.9 points, catastrophic episodes = 0 points; Grade II, 24 patients, THI = 70.6, HADS = 13.1, catastrophic episodes = 0; Grade III, 5 patients, THI = 73.2, HADS = 28.4, catastrophic episodes = 0; Grade IV, 33 patients, THI = 63.5, HADS = 18.8, catastrophic episodes = 1.0; Grade V, 13 patients, THI = 73.2, HADS = 22.4, catastrophic episodes = 2.2. The treatment records revealed treatment via psychotropic drugs for 40% of Grade III, 45.5% of Grade IV, and 84.6% of Grade V patients; psychiatric consultation was provided for 20% of Grade III, 12.5% of Grade IV, and 53.8% of Grade V patients.(ii) THI scores improved significantly in Grades II, IV, and V after treatment using the new protocol; HADS scores improved significantly in Grades IV and V. Catastrophic episode scores improved significantly in Grades IV and V.Conclusion
We found large enough differences in THI and HADS scores to successfully classify patients with tinnitus into 5 distinct grades that accounted for tinnitus severity, psychological problems, and catastrophic episodes. We found significant improvements in tinnitus severity and psychological problems in the higher (more severe) grades when this system was used to guide treatment. This system not only provided a reasonably reliable categorization system, it simplified treatment without sacrificing efficacy. 相似文献33.