The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in the Relationship between Disaster Relief Workers’ Perception of Survivors’ Rights and Their Performance of Human Rights Advocacy

This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of disaster relief workers’ job satisfaction in the relationship between their perception of survivors’ rights and their performance of human rights advocacy. Two hundred disaster relief workers in Korea were invited to completestructured questionnaires pertaining to their perception of survivors’ rights, job satisfaction, and their performance of human rights advocacy, and the relationships between these variables were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis. There were significant positive correlations between disaster relief workers’ perception of survivors’ rights, job satisfaction, and performance of human rights advocacy in this study. The higher their perception of survivors’ rights, the greater their performance of human rights advocacy and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction also acted as a mediator to increase the impact of their perception of survivors’ rights on their performance of human rights advocacy. In order to improve the human rights advocacy performance of disaster relief workers, it is necessary to raise their perception of survivors’ rights and increase their job satisfaction by providing a safe and nondiscriminatory work environment for them.     

A comparative study of nursing attitudes towards young male survivors of brain injury: A questionnaire survey

Background

The attitudes members of the nursing profession hold towards survivors of brain injury may impact on the level of help, and degree of involvement they are willing to have. Given that the manner in which an individual receives their brain injury has been shown to impact on public prejudices, the importance of exploring nursing attitudes to this vulnerable group, and the subsequent impact this may have on the caring role, requires investigation.

Objective

To investigate the attitudes held by members of the nursing profession towards young male survivors of brain injury whose behaviour either contributed, or did not contribute, to their injury.

Design

Independent groups design.

Setting and participants

Ninety trainee and sixty-nine qualified nurses respectively drawn from a university in the south west of England and the emergency, orthopaedic and paediatric Departments of the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, UK.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to one of four fictional brain injury scenarios. A young male character was portrayed as sustaining a brain injury as a result of either an aneurysm, or through drug taking, with their behaviour being either a contributory or non-contributory factor. On reading these, participants were asked to complete the prejudicial evaluation scale, the social interaction scale and the helping behaviour scale.

Results

Analysis of variance showed that qualified nurses held more prejudicial attitudes than student nurses towards survivors of brain injury. Mean scores indicated that individuals seen as contributing towards their injury were likely to experience more prejudice (blame total = 42.35 vs. no blame total = 38.34), less social interaction (blame total = 37.54 vs. no blame total = 41.10), and less helping behaviour (blame total = 21.49 vs. no blame total = 22.34) by both groups.

Conclusions

Qualified nurses should be mindful of the impact their attitudes and judgements of survivors of brain injury may have on the subsequent care they provide. Greater emphasis on the effects of negative attitudes on patient interactions during training may provide nurses with the understanding to recognise and avoid challenges to their caring role in the future.     

Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage*

Abstract Evaluation of data on the frequency of severe mental retardation among prenatally exposed survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the performance of such survivors on intelligence tests and in school has shown the most striking effects on the developing brain of exposure to ionizing radiation to occur among those individuals exposed in the 8th through the 15th, and the 16th through the 25th week after fertilization. This is true under the earlier T65DR and the newer DS86 systems of dosimetry. Seizure data have also revealed a significant effect of radiation in the 8-15 week period after fertilization. Although the observed frequency of severe mental retardation in the 8-15 week period can be satisfactorily described by a linear no-threshold model with both dosimetries, there is some suggestion of a threshold in the low dose region with the DS86 uterine absorbed doses but not with the T65DR fetal absorbed doses. However, the location and even the existence of a threshold in these weeks after fertilization is difficult to demonstrate statistically with the DS86 uterine absorbed doses. If the threshold is estimated using all 19 cases of mental retardation within these weeks, the lower bound of the confidence interval of the estimate includes zero, and thus a threshold cannot be convincingly established. However, when we exclude two probable nonradiation-related cases of Down's syndrome, the results suggest a threshold with a lower bound in the 0.10-0.20 Gy region. Both dosimetries indicate a threshold in the dose-response function for mental retardation in the 16-25 week period, probably in the 0.23-0.70 Gy interval. The seizure data provide no persuasive evidence of a threshold in the 8-15 week period after fertilization; the 95% lower bound of the estimate of the threshold includes zero. Finally, although the mean IQ scores, and the mean school performances in the low dose region are similar to the values in the control group, particularly so with doses under 0.10 Gy, evidence for a threshold is not compelling.     

Psychological Status and Associated Factors among Korean Cancer Survivors: a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Fourth & Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

It is important to assess psychological distress after a diagnosis for cancer survivors, a population with a high risk for psychological distress. The aim of this study is to assess psychological distress among cancer survivors and to clarify the associated factors. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from standardized questionnaires administered to 1,163 cancer survivors and 49,243 non-cancer survivors who participated in the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2012). We identified the adjusted rates for psychological distress and assessed factors associated with this kind of distress using multivariate logistic regression. Cancer survivors tended to have a higher adjusted rate of psychological distress than the general population. The current depressive symptom rate for cancer survivors was 16.69%, and the adjusted rate for history of depression in cancer survivors was 15.61%. The adjusted rate for higher level of stress was 25.51% in cancer survivors. Among the cancer survivors, younger subjects, female subjects, and those with limited social support were more prone to psychological distress. In addition, current smokers or risky drinkers, those with chronic diseases, and those with a poor self-perception of their health status were also identified as a high-risk group for psychological distress. As the number of cancer survivors has increased, the importance of assessing psychological distress after a cancer diagnosis should be emphasized among all cancer survivors. Further, psychological supportive care interventions for cancer survivors are needed to improve the survival rate and improve their quality of life.     

Late cardiac damage of anthracycline therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood

Long-termleukemia survivors (46) underwent cardiac evaluation, including physical examination, ECG, exercise testing, and echocardiography. They were 2-17 years old at diagnosis and 5-23 years old aftertreatment. Thirty-four survivors received anthracyclines (AC) (mean 203 mg/m2), 12 of them had also alkylating agents (AA) and 12 had no AC. Exercise tolerance was bellow predicted valuesin 21 (48%) survivors and 21 survivors had ECG abnormalities, which were more frequent in those treated with AC. Concomitant AC with AA was correlated with prolonged isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and influenced significantly the volume of left atrium (p = .02). Sixteen (52%) survivors had IVRT 90 ms. There were no significant differences in other parameters of diastolic orsystolic function. Despite the lack of clinical symptoms in the survivors treated with lower doses of AC, subtile abnormalities in myocardial function were found, mainly manifest as abnormal diastolic function. Prolonged IVRT may be a sensitive indicator for early detection of AC cardiotoxicity.     

2020年美国《重症医学会关于重症后幸存者远期损害的预测和识别国际共识》解读

本文对美国重症医学会2020年11月发布的《重症医学会关于重症后幸存者远期损害的预测和识别国际共识》进行解读，其在2012年第2次发布的《改善重症监护幸存者出院后的远期结果：利益相关者会议的报告》的基础上，主要新增了如何识别高危幸存者、使用哪些评估及筛查工具、确定重症后幸存者的筛查时机等3方面内容。鉴于国内目前尚无专门针对重症后幸存者远期损害预测和识别方面的指南或共识，故对该国际共识进行解读，旨在为我国临床医护工作者提供实用的建议，以期改善危重症幸存者照护结局。     

Nutritional Status of Breast Cancer Survivors 1 Year after Diagnosis: A Preliminary Analysis from the Malaysian Breast Cancer Survivorship Cohort Study

Background

Lifestyle factors, such as diet, body weight, and physical activity, are linked to better survival after breast cancer (BC) diagnosis. A high percentage of the Malaysian population is overweight or obese. In addition, studies have shown a disparity in survival among Malaysian women compared with other higher-income countries. The Malaysian Breast Cancer Survivorship Cohort (MyBCC) study aims to study lifestyle factors that affect survival in BC survivors. These are the preliminary findings on the nutritional status of Malaysian BC survivors.

淮安市畸残麻风治愈存活者康复需求及影响因素分析

目的 分析畸残麻风治愈存活者的康复需求及影响因素,为制定预防措施提供科学依据.方法 利用全国麻风病管理信息系统,对淮安市新中国成立以来至2017年12月31日登记管理的全部麻风治愈存活者进行调查,描述病人康复需求相关情况,采用logistic回归模型分析康复需求影响因素.结果 淮安市现有麻风治愈存活者877例,肉眼可见2级畸残率为52.68％(462/877).畸残麻风治愈存活者康复需求率为34.85％,其中男女比为2.55:1.多因素logistic回归分析结果 表明,与未患慢性病和无残疾证病人相比,患慢性病(OR=1.745,95％CI:1.099～2.769)、有残疾证(OR=2.447,95％CI:1.497～4.000)病人的康复需求风险更高.生活完全自理(OR=0.314,95％CI:0.136～0.724)、劳动能力未丧失(OR=0.565,95％CI:0.319～0.999)和上肢畸残(OR=0.287,95％CI:0.145～0.567)病人康复需求风险分别低于生活部分自理、劳动能力完全丧失和下肢畸残病人.结论 淮安市伴有畸残的麻风治愈存活者康复需求率高,生活能力、劳动能力、慢性病、畸残部位、是否持有残疾证是畸残麻风治愈存活者康复需求的影响因素.     

Linear No-Threshold Model VS. Radiation Hormesis

The atomic bomb survivor cancer mortality data have been used in the past to justify the use of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model for estimating the carcinogenic effects of low dose radiation. An analysis of the recently updated atomic bomb survivor cancer mortality dose-response data shows that the data no longer support the LNT model but are consistent with a radiation hormesis model when a correction is applied for a likely bias in the baseline cancer mortality rate. If the validity of the phenomenon of radiation hormesis is confirmed in prospective human pilot studies, and is applied to the wider population, it could result in a considerable reduction in cancers. The idea of using radiation hormesis to prevent cancers was proposed more than three decades ago, but was never investigated in humans to determine its validity because of the dominance of the LNT model and the consequent carcinogenic concerns regarding low dose radiation. Since cancer continues to be a major health problem and the age-adjusted cancer mortality rates have declined by only ∼10% in the past 45 years, it may be prudent to investigate radiation hormesis as an alternative approach to reduce cancers. Prompt action is urged.