宋元时期我国外科学的重大成就

从外科实践和理论两方面阐述宋元时期中医外科所取得的重大成就,这一时期,我国中医外科日趋繁荣,外科实践日益深化,外科理论渐趋系统。     

冒襄王士禛交游考

王士礻真少年时饱尝满清贵族入侵之苦与明王朝覆亡之痛 ,心有创伤 ,青年时在扬州近六年 ,与冒襄为代表的遗民交往 ,深受震动与教益 ,并影响其诗歌神韵风格的形成     

Effect of Low-Dose Vs Standard-Dose Valganciclovir in the Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Valganciclovir is widely used to prevent post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in kidney transplant patients. However, the currently used dose remains controversial because the continuous use of this drug decreases kidney function and can induce leukopenia.

宋代《春秋》学中的王霸之辨

孙复以道统承续辨王霸,适度肯定霸主的功业,但对后继之宋儒没有产生深刻的影响;王安石承接孟子开启了以＂心性＂论王霸之肇端;宋代《春秋》学中的王霸之辨沿袭了这一诠释路径,并在此基础上进一步衍发为义利和名位之辨。透视这些论述可以发现,宋代《春秋》学于王、霸抉择上,大致本于孟子,偏向以内圣工夫为主要考量,这大致本于孟子,所以王道对其而言,正是一种＂境界＂论述。     

宋代医学教育社会效应探析

宋代是我国古代医学教育发展的顶盛时期,这一时期出现了一些较为超前的医学教学理念和带有总结性的医学著作.繁荣发展的医学教育对宋代社会产生了深远的影响:促进医学知识的普及,提高人民健康意识;促进医学文化的交流和传承;促进社会秩序的稳定.宋代医学教育的影响,波及元、明、清代及后世,即使对当今医学教育改革也有一定的启示和借鉴意义.     

北宋太医学考述

太医学是北宋末年特设的医学教育机构,与太医局不同,它从属于国子监系统,属于国家正规教育体系。太医学实施了三舍升降制、地方贡额制,并促使各地设立了路、州、县三级地方医学教育机构。太医学对提高医生的社会地位和文化水平,推动医学普及,均有积极作用。     

Estradiol and song affect female zebra finch behavior independent of dopamine in the striatum

Female songbirds display preferences for certain song characteristics, but the neural and hormonal mechanisms mediating these preferences are not fully clear. The present study sought to further explore the role of estradiol, as well as assess potential roles of dopaminergic systems, on behavioral responses to song. Adult female zebra finches were treated with estradiol and exposed to tutored or untutored song or silence. Behavior was quantified and neurochemistry of the nucleus accumbens and striatum was examined with high performance liquid chromatography. As a control, the responses of these two systems to treatment with raclopride, a specific D2 receptor antagonist, were also evaluated. This manipulation did not affect dopamine (DA), but did increase DOPAC and the DOPAC/DA ratio. Estradiol reduced the display of two behaviors, distance calls and visual scanning, but had no effect on dopaminergic responses. Auditory stimulus exposure affected other vocalizations, but song presentation did not modulate the levels of DA or its metabolite, DOPAC in the nucleus accumbens or striatum. Collectively, the results suggest that both estradiol and auditory stimuli can modify the behavioral responses of adult zebra finches, but they may not change DA concentration or turnover in striatal dopamine neurons.     

Melatonin receptor density in Area X of European starlings is correlated with reproductive state and is unaffected by plasma melatonin concentration

Several of the song control nuclei of songbirds, including HVc (higher vocal center) and Area X, contain melatonin receptor (MelR). In laboratory-housed male starlings, the densities of MelR in Area X change markedly according to reproductive state. MelR are down-regulated when starlings are photostimulated (in full breeding condition) and are subsequently up-regulated when starlings become photorefractory (reproductively quiescent). However, seasonal regulation of MelR densities in Area X has only been investigated during the light phase of the light:dark cycle. Variation in MelR densities are physiologically relevant only if they also occur during the dark phase, when melatonin is present in the circulation. Brains from male starlings that were in different reproductive states but exposed to the same 18L:6D photoperiod were collected during either the mid-point of the light phase or the dark phase. Melatonin receptor distribution was assessed in vitro by 125Iodomelatonin (IMEL) receptor autoradiography. All photostimulated birds exhibited down-regulation of MelR in Area X, and all photorefractory birds exhibited high MelR density in Area X, regardless of time of sampling or plasma melatonin concentration. Thus, within each reproductive state, MelR density in Area X did not differ over the course of a circadian cycle. The functional significance of seasonal regulation of MelR in this song control nucleus remains unclear, but it is likely to involve a release of cellular inhibition by melatonin during photostimulation, with possible consequences for song learning, memory consolidation or regulation of the context of song production.     

Challenges of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV,syphilis and hepatitis B in China: a cross-sectional survey

Background

China's Integrated Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis and Hepatitis B Virus programme (iPMTCT Programme) was launched in 2010 and has been extended nationwide since 2015. China also set up the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission (EMTCT) of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B virus in 2016. This study aimed to assess the progress that has been made in eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B, and to identify the challenges that remain.