Associations of gender identity with sexual behaviours,social stigma and sexually transmitted infections among adults who have sex with men in Abuja and Lagos,Nigeria

IntroductionSexual and gender minority populations are disproportionately affected by the global syndemic of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We hypothesized that transgender women (TGW) and non‐binary individuals in Nigeria have more STIs than cis‐gender men who have sex with men (cis‐MSM), and that experiences of stigma and sexual practices differ between these three groups.MethodsFrom 2013 to 2020, TRUST/RV368 enrolled adults assigned male sex at birth who reported anal sex with men in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Participants were tested for STIs and completed questionnaires about sexual behaviours and social stigma every 3 months. Participants were categorized as cis‐MSM, TGW or non‐binary/other based on self‐reported gender identity. Gender group comparisons were made of HIV, gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalence and incidence; stigma indicators; and condom use during anal sex.ResultsAmong 2795 participants, there were 2260 (80.8%) cis‐MSM, 284 (10.2%) TGW and 251 (9.0%) non‐binary/other individuals with median age of 23 years (interquartile range 20–27). HIV prevalence among cis‐MSM, TGW and non‐binary/other participants was 40.8%, 51.5% and 47.6%, respectively (p = 0.002). HIV incidence was 8.7 cases per 100 person‐years (PY) (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.9–10.8), 13.1 cases/100 PY (95% CI 6.5–23.4) and 17.6 cases/100 PY (95% CI 9.8–29.0, p = 0.025), respectively. Anorectal gonorrhoea incidence was lower in cis‐MSM than TGW (22.2 [95% CI 19.6–25.0] vs. 35.9 [95% CI 27.3–46.3]). TGW were more likely than cis‐MSM to report being affected by stigma, including assault (47.2% vs. 32.3%), fear of walking around (32.4% vs. 19.2%) and healthcare avoidance (25.0% vs. 19.1%; all p < 0.05). TGW were more likely to report always using condoms than non‐binary/other individuals (35.3% vs. 26.2%, p = 0.041) during receptive anal sex.ConclusionsSexual and gender minorities in Nigeria have heterogeneous sexual behaviours and experiences of social stigma that may influence the vulnerability to HIV and other STIs. There is a need for tailored interventions that acknowledge and are informed by gender. Further research is needed, particularly among understudied non‐binary individuals, to better understand disparities and inform tailored interventions to improve outcomes among these communities.     

精神疾病病耻感量表维吾尔文版在维吾尔族精神分裂症患者中信度和效度的研究

目的:检测精神疾病病耻感量表维吾尔(维)文版(SSMI-U)在新疆维吾尔(维)族精神分裂症患者的信度及效度。方法:对中文版精神疾病病耻感量表进行翻译并修订成维文版;随机选取118例门诊及住院维族精神分裂症患者评估;2周后随机抽取其中60例患者进行重测。结果:SSMI-U克朗巴赫α系数为0.801,评定者一致性组内相关系数(r)=0.995(95%CI:0.949~0.990);重测信度r=0.750(P0.001)。结论:SSMI-U在新疆维族精神分裂症患者具有良好的信度与效度。     

苦参开花和授粉生物学特性的研究

目的 研究苦参开花和授粉特性,以及小花发育的特点。方法 通过形态学观察,结合花粉活力和柱头可授性等生理活性的测定,研究苦参开花和授粉习性。结果 根据花器官的形态和生理活性变化,把苦参的小花发育分为S1～S7阶段。在S3～S5阶段,花朵尚未开放时,花粉和柱头逐渐发育成熟,具有活力且柱头的发育滞后于花粉的发育;在S6阶段之后,小花开放,花药迅速失活,但是柱头继续伸长并维持活力。小花开放后的72 h内,花粉保持较高活力。柱头活力在9：00最高。结论 苦参的柱头和花粉在花蕾开放前已具有生理活性且花粉已经释放,显示出典型的闭花授粉特征,但是花蕾开放之后,柱头继续伸长,并保持活性,表明也有异花授粉的特征,这对苦参种子生产、遗传资源保存、杂交育种等具有重要的理论指导意义。     

肉苁蓉花粉活力与柱头可授性研究

目的:明确肉苁蓉Cistanche deserticola的花粉活力和寿命以及柱头的可授期,为肉苁蓉种子生产和良种选育提供理论依据.方法:比较不同生理测定方法对肉苁蓉花粉活力与柱头可授性测定的有效性和适用性,并与田间人工授粉结实率和荧光显微观察结果相比较;应用适宜方法测定不同条件下肉苁蓉的花粉和柱头的活力变化.结果:确定肉苁蓉花粉活力和柱头可授性的最佳测定方法分别为MTT法和联苯胺-过氧化氢法,测得肉苁蓉开花3 h后的花粉活力和柱头可授性均为最高水平,此时花粉在柱头的萌发率高达95%以上,活性可保持4～5 d,而低温保存的花粉寿命可保持10 d以上.结论:肉苁蓉花粉与柱头的生理特征具有良好的生态适应性,适宜大面积田间栽培.     

玉米须多糖降低实验动物体重的作用机制研究

目的研究玉米须多糖(SMPS)减轻实验动物体重的作用机制。方法观察SMPS灌胃后,小鼠和大鼠胃排空、肠蠕动、胆汁分泌量、胆囊重量、体重、摄食量、血浆胆囊收缩素(CCK)含量的变化。结果SMPS能够增加小鼠甲基橙胃残留率、小肠炭末推进百分率,缩短首次排黑便时间,增加排便数量,减轻胆囊重量;同时发现,SMPS能够抑制大鼠食欲,减轻体重,延长胃排空的时间,加快肠内容物移动速度,促进胆汁分泌,升高血浆CCK含量。结论SMPS降低体重的有效机制可能与其升高血浆CCK含量,使胃排空时间延长,食欲降低,肠蠕动加速,排便数量增加有关。     

玉米须多糖对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞Caspase-3和p53表达的影响

目的:观察不同浓度的玉米须多糖(stigma maydis polysaccharide SMPS)对肝癌SMMC-7721细胞Caspase-3和p53表达的影响.方法:将玉米须多糖以不同浓度和时间作用于肝癌SMMC-7721细胞,采用免疫组化法检测Caspase-3和P53的表达;分别观察制片后的Caspase-3和p53表达,胞膜和细胞浆出现棕黄色或褐色为Caspase-3表达阳性细胞,胞核内出现棕黄色或褐色为P53阳性表达细胞.结果:经SMPS(20～80mg/L)作用于SMMC-7721细胞,随着作用时间和剂量的增加,Caspase-3及p53的表达增高.结论:免疫组化法检测SMPS促进SMMC-7721细胞的Caspase-3及p53的高表达,其作用呈一定的浓度和时间依赖性.     

超高效液相色谱法检测西红花中非法添加的染料金橙Ⅱ

目的建立检测中药西红花中非法添加的金橙Ⅱ的液质联用鉴别法和超高效液相色谱含量测定法。方法用超高效液相色谱法分离中药西红花中非法添加的金橙Ⅱ,用离子阱进行定性鉴别,流动相为乙腈-0.01 mol/L醋酸铵溶液(30∶70),离子化模式为ESI(+),碰撞能量为30 V;用超高效液相色谱法测定金橙Ⅱ含量,流动相为乙腈-0.01 mol/L醋酸铵溶液(30∶70),检测波长484 nm。结果在拟订的质谱条件下,金橙Ⅱ产生[M+H-Na]+分子离子峰,二级质谱的特征碎片离子明显;定量检测方面,进样量与峰面积的线性范围为5.435～745.0 ng,r=0.999 0,平均加样回收率为98.29%,RSD为1.25%(n=5)。结论液质联用法定性准确、可靠,液相色谱含量测定法简便、快速、准确。     

Weight stigma,addiction, science,and the medication of fatness in mid‐twentieth century America

Obesity and overweight are today recognised as subject to harmful stigma. Through an analysis of discussions of obesity in major American newspapers, the medical literature, and pharmaceutical advertising in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, I document a significant shift in medical thinking about overweight and obesity based in psychiatry, and explore the relationship of that shift to changes in popular understandings of fatness after the Second World War. I argue that the psychiatrically‐oriented postwar medical thinking about obesity was more stigmatising as compared with the endocrinologically‐oriented thinking of the interwar period, in that the newer biomedical theory linked fatness to the already stigmatised condition of addiction and authorised attribution of moral blame to the fat. I further argue that the pharmaceutical industry cannot be assigned the lead role in medicalisation in this period that some authors attributed to it. These events cast doubt on the received view of fatness as subject to decreasing stigma and increasing medicalisation over the course of the twentieth century, and call for exploration of the social factors influencing specific forms of medicalisation.     

玉米须多糖诱导人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的研究

目的:观察不同浓度的玉米须多糖(stigma maydis polysaccharide SMPS)对肝癌SMMC-7721细胞作用的影响.方法:将玉米须多糖以不同浓度和时间作用于肝癌SMMC-7721细胞,采用 MTT比色法观察细胞毒性;应用HE染色法观察凋亡细胞的形态;原位末端标记法(TUNEL法)检测细胞凋亡率.结果:玉米须多糖以剂量依赖和时间依赖的方式抑制SMMC-7721细胞的生长.HE染色观察到凋亡细胞的形态学改变.结论:玉米须多糖抑制SMMC-7721细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡.为临床治疗肝癌提供理论依据.     

桔梗柱头、花粉活力及自交亲和性研究

目的：为桔梗栽培及品种选育提供基础数据。方法：田间定株、定花观察及人工去雄套袋授粉；花粉活力采用TTC染色法。结果：桔梗柱头寿命长达9 d,但最佳授粉期为花冠开裂后4～6 d,柱头呈微裂或明显裂开状态。花药开裂散粉在开花当天完成,开始散粉时花粉活力81.4%,3 d后花粉活力降为27.6%,干燥剂中贮藏第3天花粉活力仍达64.4%。桔梗天然自花交结果率只有4.8%；但花期人工自株交结果率达62.7%,亲和指数达54.6,蕾期人工自株交结果率12.8%,亲和指数6.5。结论：雌雄蕊异熟及花粉寿命较短导致桔梗天然自花交结实率很低,采用人工授粉,桔梗花期自株交高度亲和；干藏方法可以较好延长桔梗花粉寿命。