Hepatic reticuloendothelial function during parenteral nutrition including an MCT/LCT or LCT emulsion after liver transplantation – a double-blind study

It has been demonstrated that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates the function of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two different TPN lipid emulsions on the recovery of allograft RES function after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). In a prospective, double-blind study, OLTx patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Group I ( n=13) received a TPN regimen that included long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Group II ( n=9) received a TPN regimen that included a fat emulsion consisting of both medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and LCT. At baseline, i.e., on days 2 or 3 after OLTx ( t1), before lipids for TPN were started, hepatic RES function was determined using the human serum albumin millimicrosphere technique (K-value, 1/min). A second measurement ( t2) was obtained after 7 days of TPN, including one of the study's two fat emulsions. The mean (+/- SD) K-value (1/min) was 0.48+/-0.16 in the LCT group and 0.55+/-0.28 in the MCT/LCT group at t1, and it improved to 0.62+/-0.21 in the LCT group and to 0.86+/-0.32 in the MCT/LCT group at t2. RES function recovery was significantly better in the MCT/LCT group ( P< or = 0.05). MCT/LCT emulsion appears to be the TPN fat emulsion of choice after OLTx as it seems to have less impact on hepatic RES recovery.     

Prognostic index to identify patients who may not benefit from whole brain radiotherapy for multiple brain metastases from lung cancer

Palliative whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is often recommended in the management of multiple brain metastases. Allowing for WBRT waiting time, duration of the WBRT course and time to clinical response, it may take 6 weeks from the point of initial assessment for a benefit from WBRT to manifest. Patients who die within 6 weeks (‘early death’) may not benefit from WBRT and may instead experience a decline in quality of life. This study aimed to develop a prognostic index (PI) that identifies the subset of patients with lung cancer with multiple brain metastases who may not benefit from WBRT because of ‘early death’. The medical records of patients with lung cancer who had WBRT recommended for multiple brain metastases over a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified as either having died within 6 weeks or having lived beyond 6 weeks. Potential prognostic indicators were evaluated for correlation with ‘early death’. A PI was constructed by modelling the survival classification to determine the contribution of these factors towards shortened survival. Of the 275 patients recommended WBRT, 64 (23.22%) died within 6 weeks. The main prognostic factor predicting early death was Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status >2. Patients with a high PI score (>13) were at higher risk of ‘early death’. Twenty-three per cent of patients died prior to benefit from WBRT. ECOG status was the most predictive for ‘early death’. Other factors may also contribute towards a poor outcome. With further refinement and validation, the PI could be a valuable clinical decision tool.     

肝移植术后并发胆道狭窄和胆泥淤积影像诊断及介入治疗

目的:评价肝移植术后胆道狭窄和胆泥淤积影像诊断及介入治疗的价值。方法:对39例肝移植术后并发胆道狭窄和胆泥淤积的影像诊断及介入治疗进行回顾性分析。结果:超声、T型管胆道造影、CT和MRI检查诊断胆道狭窄伴胆泥形成39例,38例介入治疗后胆道梗阻症状明显缓解;1例介入治疗后胆道梗阻症状未明显改善,后行外科胆管修补术。结论:T型管胆道造影或直接经皮胆道造影对肝移植术后胆道狭窄和胆泥淤积诊断特异性及敏感性最高,放射介入和内镜介入技术对其均发挥重要的治疗作用。     

Echogenic Appearance of Colorectal Liver Metastases on Intraoperative Ultrasonography is Associated with Survival After Hepatic Resection

Survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases has traditionally been associated with clinicopathologic factors. We sought to investigate whether echogenicity of colorectal liver metastasis as assessed by intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) was a prognostic factor after hepatic resection. Prospective data on tumor IOUS appearance were collected in 84 patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Images were digitally recorded, blindly reviewed, and scored for echogenicity (hypo-, iso-, or hyperechoic). The median tumor number was 1 and the median tumor size was 5.0 cm. At the time of surgery, the IOUS appearance of the colorectal liver metastases were hypoechoic in 35 (41.7%) patients, isoechoic in 37 (44.0%) patients, and hyperechoic in 12 (14.3%) patients. Traditional clinicopathologic prognostic factors were similarly distributed among the three echogenicity groups (all p > 0.05). Patients with a hypoechoic lesion had a significantly shorter median survival (30.2 months) compared with patients who had either an isoechoic (53.2 months) or hyperechoic (42.3 months) lesion (p = 0.005). The 5-year survival after hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastasis was also associated with the echogenic appearance of the lesion (hypoechoic 14.4 vs isoechoic 37.4 vs hyperechoic 46.2%) (p < 0.05). Intraoperative ultrasound echogenicity should be considered a prognostic factor after hepatic resection of metastatic colorectal cancer. This study was presented at the 47th annual meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 22 May 2006.     

肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的介入治疗进展

肝移植是终末期肝病最有希望的治疗方法之一。移植肝缺血型胆道病变逐渐成为肝移植术后胆道并发症的主要类型，其病因及发病机制复杂，临床处理棘手，日益成为影响肝移植患者长期成活及导致移植物丢失的主要原因之一。国内外尝试用多种方法来预防和治疗缺血型胆道病变，介入治疗被认为是首选治疗方法，疗效显著。     

门静脉注射白细胞介素-12治疗肝转移肿瘤的实验研究

目的　探讨通过门静脉系统局部应用白细胞介素 12 (IL 12 )对于肝转移肿瘤的治疗作用。方法　通过门静脉注射 2× 10 5个MCA 2 0 5肿瘤细胞建立小鼠肝转移肿瘤模型 ,同时脾脏被移植到皮下 ,作为反复多次向门静脉系统注射的途径。第 3～ 7天 ,0 1μgIL 12通过腹腔或脾脏注射 ,同时对照组中通过脾脏注射等体积的平衡盐水。第 2 1天检查肝转移肿瘤的情况。结果　在肝转移模型中 ,IL 12腹腔注射组和IL 12脾脏注射组的肝脏重量 (1 33± 0 0 8)g和 (1 2 9± 0 0 7)g明显小于对照组 (1 92± 0 17)g ,P <0 0 5 ,IL 12腹腔注射组和IL 12脾脏注射组的肝脏转移结节数目 (1 5 3± 0 5 8,0 6 0± 0 89)明显少于对照组 (18 2 5± 5 71,P <0 0 5 )。在IL 12脾脏注射组中 (n =6 ) ,3只小鼠的肝脏肿瘤完全消失。结论　通过门静脉系统局部应用IL 12是治疗肝转移肿瘤的有效方法。     

Right Hepatic Lobectomy Using the Staple Technique in 101 Patients

Background Application of linear stapling devices for extrahepatic vascular control in liver surgery has been well-established. However, the technique for use of stapling devices in hepatic parenchymal transection is not well defined. Purpose To describe the safety and efficacy of our technique for use of vascular stapling devices in hepatic parenchymal transection during open right hepatic lobectomy is the purpose of this study. Methodology We reviewed our experience with 101 consecutive open right hepatic lobectomies performed by a single surgeon between January 2003 and July 2006, in which vascular staplers were utilized for the parenchymal transection phase. Results Of the 101 patients who underwent resection, 53 (52%) were female. The mean age was 58 years. Malignant disease was the indication for resection in the majority of patients (88%). Of those with cancer, 78% (69 of 89) had metastatic colorectal cancer, 6% (5 of 89) had metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, 4% (4 of 89) had hepatocellular carcinoma, 4% (4 of 89) had cholangiocarcinoma, and the remaining 8% were other metastatic cancers. Twelve patients (12%) underwent resection for hepatic adenoma or symptomatic benign disease (FNH or hemangioma). Forty-eight patients (48%) underwent a major ancillary procedure at the time of hepatic resection. Thirty-nine patients (39%) had a nonanatomic wedge resection of a left lobe lesion, 27 patients (27%) had one or more lesions treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and 6 patients (6%) were treated with a synchronous bowel resection. The median total operative time was 336 min (range 155–620 min). A Pringle maneuver for temporary vascular inflow occlusion was utilized in all cases, with a median time of 9 min (range 4–17 min). Ten patients (10%) required blood transfusion during surgery or in the postoperative period. The maximum transfusion was 2 U of packed red blood cells (PRBC) in seven patients and 1 U of PRBC in three patients. The mean nadir postoperative hematocrit was 28.2. All patients with malignant disease had tumor-free margins at the completion of the procedure. The average hospital length of stay was 6.0 days. One patient (1%) developed a clinically significant bile leak requiring a postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP). No patient required reoperation. The 30 and 60-day postoperative survival was 100%. Conclusion These findings indicate that application of vascular stapling devices for parenchymal transection in major hepatic resection is a safe technique, with low transfusion requirements and minimal postoperative bile leak. The technique allows for rapid transection of the entire right hepatic lobe in under 10 min. Short video clips of the technique will be demonstrated. Presented at the 2007 American Hepato–Pancreato–Biliary Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 19–22, 2007 (oral presentation/video presentation).     

肝癌中骨形成蛋白2对PTEN蛋白水平影响的研究

目的用骨形成蛋白2(BMP2)干预肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞,从而观察肝癌细胞中PTEN蛋白水平的变化,观察BMP2对PTEN蛋白表达的影响,探讨BMP2与PTEN蛋白水平之间的关系,探索肝癌治疗的新途径。方法将受试对象分为3个组:对照组、BMP2100ng/ml组、BMP2300ng/ml组,作用时间为3个水平:6、12、24h。用免疫组织化学方法测定细胞中PTEN蛋白水平。结果免疫组织化学结果显示在不同浓度BMP2组中HepG2细胞中PTEN蛋白表达差异有统计学意义。不同时间组中PTEN蛋白表达差异有统计学意义。PTEN蛋白阳性表达率在300ng/ml组与100ng/ml组、对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),在6h组与12h组、24h组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在300ng/ml、24h组中PTEN蛋白阳性表达最高。浓度与时间之间无交互作用。结论在肝癌中BMP2可以增加PTEN蛋白水平,且呈浓度时间依赖。     

奥曲肽对肝动脉栓塞治疗大鼠肝癌影响的实验研究

目的　观察奥曲肽(octreotide)降低肝动脉栓塞(HAE)促进肿瘤新生血管生长的作用以及抑瘤作用。方法　采用大鼠肝内种植Walker 256瘤株制作肝癌模型,分为对照组、Octreotide组、HAE组和HAE+octreotide组共四组。定期切取肿瘤标本测量肿瘤体积,检测标本中的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达及微血管密度(MVD)。结果　各干预组肿瘤体积均小于对照组(P<0.01), HAE+octreotide组肿瘤体积也小于 HAE组(P<0.05); HAE+octrotide组 VEGF表达低于HAE组(P<0.05);Octreotide组、HAE+octreotide组 MVD表达低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论　在对大鼠肝癌的治疗中,行肝动脉栓塞时联用奥曲肽,可降低单纯肝动脉栓塞引起的癌组织 VEGF高表达,减少肿瘤新生血管形成,加强其抑瘤作用。     

性别差异对脓毒症大鼠肝脏Toll样受体4和髓样分化蛋白-2基因表达的影响

目的探讨性别差异对脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)和髓样分化蛋白- 2(MD-2)基因表达的影响。方法以脂多糖(LPS)按5 mg/kg体重由大鼠腹腔注射制作脓毒症动物模型,注射后2 h留取肝脏组织检测TLR4、MD-2和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)基因表达,同时测定各组大鼠血浆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及雌二醇含量。结果正常雌雄性大鼠肝脏组织均可表达少量TLR4、MD-2、TNF-α基因,其中雌性组分别为0．175±0．034、0．211±0．044、0．201±0．068; 雄性组分别为0．205±0．061、0．243±0．049、0．243±0．063,两组数据差异无统计学意义(P> 0．05),但LPS刺激后雌性大鼠肝脏组织上述指标分别为0．615±0．089、0．708±0．181、0．730± 0．118,血浆中ALT含量为(81．07±10．72)U／L;雄性组分别为0．723±0．091、1．123±0．272、 0．881±0．156,ALT含量为(106．39±14．21)U／L,雌性组各项指标均明显低于雄性大鼠(P< 0．05)。相关分析表明雌性及雄性脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织TLR4及TNF-α基因表达与相应性别大鼠血浆中雌二醇含量呈显著负相关(P<0．05)。结论 LPS刺激后大鼠肝脏组织TLR4、MD-2及 TNF-α基因表达存在性别差异,内源性雌激素的作用可能导致雌性脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织损伤较雄性轻。