Periventricular- intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant- A historical perspective

The objective of this chapter is to trace the evolution of intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant highlighting the importance of the germinal matrix, a critical role for cerebral blood flow changes in the genesis of hemorrhage, clinical factors that increase the bleeding risk, and potential preventative strategies. In 1976, neuropathological studies demonstrated capillary rupture within the germinal matrix as the precursor of hemorrhage. In 1980, introduction of cranial ultrasound facilitated diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage. In 1979, loss of cerebral autoregulation in sick newborn infants was demonstrated. In the 1980’s, studies demonstrated the importance of intravascular factors in provoking hemorrhage. In 1983, the association of cerebral blood flow velocity fluctuations and subsequent hemorrhage was demonstrated. In 1994, antenatal steroids use to accelerate lung development was recommended. This was associated with an unanticipated reduction in hemorrhage. In the mid 1990’s early indomethacin administration was associated with a reduction of severe hemorrhage.     

成人大脑沟、回在MRI矢状图像上的定位研究

为给大脑占位性病变及脑功能的影像学研究提供断层解剖学依据,利用１５ 例头部矢状断层标本及相应脑片,颅脑ＭＲＩ矢状扫描图像研究了大脑沟、回在ＭＲＩ矢状图像上的定位。结果显示：扣带沟缘支和外侧沟后升支是识别中央沟的标志,若出现壁间回则更易识别中央沟;借外侧沟前水平支和前升支形成的“Ｙ”或“Ｖ”形外观,可识别中央前沟及额下回的眶部、三角部和岛盖部;侧副沟居海马结构下方,其下方为枕颞内侧回。选了８ 个典型矢状扫描层面详细介绍大脑沟、回的识别     

192例腰椎间盘突出症患者的诊断及手术治疗分析

目的：总结分析１９２例腰椎间盘突出症及侧隐窝狭窄伴黄韧带肥厚患者的诊断和手术治疗。方法：经临床检查明确定位、定性诊断,影像学检查证实,采用小切口半椎板或全椎板切除减压、突出椎间盘髓核切除手术治疗。结果：手术证实腰椎间盘突出症１８９例,侧隐窝狭窄伴黄韧带肥厚３例,术后随访６月－５年,优良率７９％。结论：临床检查是腰椎间盘突出症诊断的基础,影像学检查对进一步明确定位诊断和鉴别诊断是必要的。手术指征的严格把握是手术成功的关键。     

Brain infarcts due to scorpion stings in children: MRI

We report two children with severe neurological complications after having been stung by a scorpion. Clinical and MRI findings suggested brain infarcts. The lesions seen were in pons in one child and the right hemisphere in the other. The latter also showed possible hyperemia in the infarcted area. No vascular occlusions were observed and we therefore think the brain infarcts were a consequence of the scorpion sting. The cause of the infarct may be hypotension, shock or depressed left ventricular function, all of which are frequent in severe poisoning by scorpion sting. Received: 20 January 1999/Accepted: 13 May 1999     

从影像学角度探讨肝胆相表里的关系

从影像学探讨肝胆相表里的真实性。将119例患者根据中医辨证分为盱证组和非肝证组，回顾分析其肝、胆超声检查记录。结果：肝证组合并胆囊结石患者(13／37)明显高于非肝证组(13／82)。以中医病机理论为指导，反向论证了肝胆之间的密切关系。     

Multicentre analysis of treatment planning information: Technical requirements,possible applications and a proposal

Digital data from 3‐D treatment planning computers is generally used for patient planning and then never considered again. However, such data contains enormous quantities of information regarding patient geometries, tissue outlining, treatment approaches and dose distributions. Were such data accessible from planning systems from multiple manufacturers, there would be substantial opportunities for undertaking quality assurance of radiotherapy clinical trials, prospective assessment of trial outcomes and basic treatment planning research and development. The technicalities of data exchange between planning systems are outlined, and previous attempts at producing systems capable of viewing and/or manipulating imaging and radiotherapy digital data reviewed. Development of a software system for enhancing the quality of Australasian clinical trials is proposed.     

胆管癌的磁共振成像表现及其临床意义

目的：通过磁共振成像(MR)征象与手术对照分析，探讨胆管癌的MR特点。方法：27例患行常规轴位SE，12加权成像和呼吸门控FSE，12加权成像，并做冠状位：MRCP成像，所有患经手术和病理证实，分析病灶信号特征、形态、范围，并与术中所见进行比较。结果：16例肝门型胆管癌在磁共振成像上多呈放射状(89％)，术中所见病灶沿胆管浸润生长，且病灶范围比MRI所见大。所有胆管癌病灶在TIWI上均呈低信号(100％)，4例肝内胆管癌在T2WI上为混杂信号，11例肝门型胆管癌在，T2WI上呈等(61％)或稍高信号(39％)，2例壶腹癌在T2WI上呈低信号。在MRCP上所有病人表现为胆道梗阻。16例(89％)：MRCP分型与临床分型一致。结论：胆管癌在磁共振成像上有较特征性表现，且能提供病变准确部位，但对病变范围估计不足，MRCP用于肝门型胆管癌临床分型是可行的。     

PSA、FPSA检测和骨显像对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断价值

目的：探讨联合应用前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、游离PSA（FPSA）检测和全身骨显像诊断前列腺癌骨转移的意义。方法：回顾性分析70例经临床确诊的前列腺癌患者，全部行血清PSA、FPSA测定，并作全身骨显像。结果：PSA〈4ng／ml在14例病人中，发生骨转移者7例，诊断阳性率为50％；PSA4ng／ml～20ng／ml共7例，发生骨转移者6例、诊断阳性率为87％；PSA〉20ng／ml组49例，发生骨转移45例，阳性率为92％。结论：PSA、FPSA检测结合全身骨显像，可尽早、全面地发现前列腺癌患者全身骨转移。     

16例颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床与影像资料分析

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的病因、临床表现、影像学改变及治疗与预后。方法回顾分析16例CVST患者的临床资料。结果16例患者中，围产期4例，真性红细胞增多症1例，原发性血小板增多症1例，肾病综合征2例，副鼻窦炎1例，另外7例原因不明；临床表现丰富多样，颅高压为其主要症状；CT表现普遍性脑水肿，脑室变小；磁共振静脉血管造影(MRV)、数字减影血管造影(DSA)可显示颅内静脉窦病变的部位及范围。采用降颅压、扩容、抗凝及溶栓等治疗，10例痊愈，4例好转，1例死亡，1例自动出院。结论围产期高发，血液成分改变、感染与本病发生有关；影像学检查为确诊该病主要手段；溶栓、抗凝、扩容等疗效较好。     

Imaging of compressive vertebral haemangiomas

Compressive vertebral haemangiomas (VHs) are rare. Correct preoperative diagnosis is useful both for operative planning (since compressive VHs are extremely vascular lesions) and to allow preoperative embolisation. Numerous radiological signs for VHs have been described, but compressive VHs frequently have atypical features. In particular, magnetic resonance features are not well established. We present imaging features in three cases of compressive VH and review the imaging findings in an additional 106 previously published cases. Findings were typical in 52 of 80 plain film (65 %), 33 of 41 computed tomography (80 %) and 13 of 25 magnetic resonance examinations (52 %). The prevalence of previously described imaging features is reported. Awareness of the range of magnetic resonance features is important since this is frequently the initial investigation in patients presenting with symptoms of neural compression. Since computed tomography is typical in 80 % of cases, this is a useful confirmatory test if magnetic resonance features are suspicious but not diagnostic of compressive VH. Received: 6 August 1999; Revised: 4 November 1999; Accepted: 4 November 1999