Histological transformation of non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical analysis of nine cases

BACKGROUNDHistological transformation is one of the numerous mechanisms of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Given its rarity, the underlying transformational mechanisms, clinical features, and therapeutic prognoses are only studied through limited case reports.AIMTo analyze the clinical characteristics and underlying mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients with histological transformation after treatment with EGFR-TKIs.METHODSWe retrospectively investigated nine patients diagnosed with non-SCLC transforming to SCLC, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), or squamous cell carcinoma on re-biopsy after first- or third-generation EGFR-TKIs.RESULTSThe median age of nine patients was 60 years. Among them, six patients had the EGFR 19del mutation, one had the L858R mutation, and one had wild-type EGFR. The level of plasma NSE was measured in six patients with SCLC or LCNEC transformation when transformation occurred, and five patients had elevated plasma NSE levels. All patients received standard chemotherapy after transformation with the exception of one patient who received chemotherapy and anlotinib.CONCLUSIONTumor re-biopsy should be performed routinely when EGFR-TKI therapy fails in lung cancer patients to avoid ignoring histological transformation and to select a subsequent therapeutic strategy. The transformed tumor retained the original EGFR mutation, indicating that histological transformation represents an evolution from the initial tumor.     

以自发性脾脏破裂为首发症状的B细胞前淋巴细胞性白血病1例临床病理观察

目的探讨1例以自发性脾破裂的B细胞前淋巴细胞性白血病(B-PLL)的临床病理特征,进行鉴别诊断、治疗和预后评估。方法回顾性分析1例上海市第一人民医院宝山分院以自发性脾脏破裂的B-PLL大体形态和镜下特点、免疫表型、细胞遗传学及分子生物学特征,与外周血涂片、骨髓涂片和骨髓活检结果相互印证,并复习相关文献。结果患者男性,57岁,因发热、怕冷、乏力6天就诊,一般检查:白细胞18.8×10^9/L,血小板为25×10^9/L,血红蛋白96 g/L,C-反应蛋白200 mg/L,乳酸脱氢酶:3 867μ/L。影像学表现:上腹部CT平扫示脾脏肿大伴斑片状高低密度影,腹腔积液;下腹部CT平扫示盆腔大量血性积液,诊断脾脏自发性破裂出血。大体检查:①脾脏重1 225 g,大小22 cm×15 cm×8 cm,表面不规则破裂长约5 cm,切面暗红色,未见肿块。②副脾重15 g,大小2.7 cm×2.5 cm×1.3 cm,切面暗红色未见肿块。显微镜观察:低倍镜下脾脏红髓和白髓的正常结构破坏;高倍镜下见大量中等大小圆形肿瘤细胞,少量嗜碱性胞质,核染色质浓染,嗜酸性核仁中央突出,弥漫浸润于脾脏。免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞CD20、CD79a、MUM-1、Pax-5均(+),Ki-67平均增殖指数80%,bcl2、bcl6、C-myc灶(+),MPO、CD23、CD43、Td T、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD56、CD99、CD10、CD34、CD21、CD68、Cyclin D1、CD5、S-100、EBV、Lysozyme均(-)。病理诊断:(脾脏) B-PLL,累及副脾。外周血涂片、骨髓涂片、骨髓活检和流式学分析证实B幼淋巴细胞占71%,粒、红、巨三系增生减低。分子生物学特征:IGHV基因重排检测到单克隆重排,IGH单克隆V区测序检测到IGH单克隆V区超突变,用Sanger测序检测到MYD88基因L265P突变,未检测到p53基因突变。细胞遗传学染色体核型分析:核型46,XY。术后随访36个月,患者在上海市交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院行R-EPOCH化疗后,病情完全缓解未进展。结论 B-PLL好发于老年男性,侵袭性临床过程,以自发性脾脏破裂为首发症状的B-PLL罕见,而R-EPOCH方案化疗为B-PLL治疗带来希望。     

A New MRI Grading System for Cervical Foraminal Stenosis Based on Axial T2-Weighted Images

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grading system for cervical neural foraminal stenosis (NFS).ResultsFor the distinction among the three individual grades at all six neural foramina, the ICC ranged from 0.68 to 0.73, indicating fair to good reproducibility. The percentage agreement ranged from 60.2% to 70.6%, and the kappa values (κ = 0.50-0.58) indicated fair to moderate agreement. The percentages of intraobserver agreement ranged from 85.4% to 93.8% (κ = 0.80-0.92), indicating near perfect agreement.ConclusionThe new MRI grading system shows sufficient interobserver and intraobserver agreement to reliably assess cervical NFS.     

预测评分与护理干预对降低自然分娩产后出血率的影响

目的探讨产后出血预测评分联合护理干预在降低自然分娩产妇产后出血的影响。方法将本院自然分娩的200例产妇采用病例随机表分为观察组和对照组。对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用预测评分对中、高危产妇实施护理干预,比较2组的会阴损伤、产后出血、住院时间以及护理满意度。结果观察组Ⅰ度裂伤率高于对照组,会阴侧切率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组产后出血率低于对照组,产后出血量、住院时间少于对照组,护理满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论预测评分可提高产后出血预测的准确性,联合护理干预能够有效降低产后出血率,减少自然分娩带给产妇的损伤。     

Macroscopic and Histological Evaluations of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation Using Gamma Irradiated Meniscus: A Comparative in Vivo Animal Study

Background:

Many studies suggest that the gamma irradiation decreases allograft strength in a dose-dependent manner. However, no study has demonstrated that this decrease in strength translates into higher failure rate in meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on macroscopic and histological alterations of transplanted meniscal tissue and joint cartilage after MAT.

Methods:

Medial total meniscectomies were performed on the right knees of 60 New Zealand white rabbits. All meniscal allografts were divided into three groups (20 in each group) and then sterilized with 0 Mrad, 1.5 Mrad, or 2.5 Mrad of gamma irradiation. For each group, 5 menisci were randomly chosen for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis and the remaining 15 were prepared for MAT surgeries. Forty-five right knees received MAT surgeries (0 Mrad group, 1.5 Mrad group, 2.5 Mrad group, 15 in each group), whereas the remaining 15 only received medial meniscectomy (Meni group). The left knees of the Meni group were chosen as the Sham group (n = 15). All the rabbits were sacrificed at week 24 postoperatively. Cartilage of the medial compartment of each group was evaluated macroscopically using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score and then histologically using the Mankin score based on the Masson Trichrome staining.

Results:

The SEM analysis confirmed that the meniscal collagen fibers would be significantly damaged as the dose of gamma irradiation increased. At week 24, the overall scores of macroscopic evaluations of the transplanted meniscal tissue showed no significant differences among the three groups receiving MAT surgeries, except for 2 in the 2.5 Mrad group presented partial radial tears at midbody. The ICRS scores and the Mankin scores showed the lowest in the Sham group and the highest in the Meni group (P < 0.05). For the three groups receiving MAT surgeries, the 2.5 Mrad group showed significant higher ICRS scores and Mankin scores than both the 0 Mrad group and the 1.5 Mrad group (P < 0.05). Whereas the 1.5 Mrad group presented similar results to the 0 Mrad group concerning both the ICRS scores and the Mankin scores.

Conclusions:

The current in vivo animal study proved that although the meniscal collagen fibers were damaged after gamma irradiation, the failure rate of MAT surgeries might not significantly increase if the irradiation dose was <1.5 Mrad for New Zealand white rabbits.     

Serum big endothelin-1 as a biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: an analytical study

Detection of abnormally elevated levels of molecules in patients with oral cancer may be useful in early diagnosis. These markers can be included in current Histopathology grading and in TNM staging systems of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) to make it more efficient. Several pro-angiogenic molecules have been assessed for the same reason. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide associated with the development and spread of many solid tumors, including Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), but its utility in OSCC has not been confirmed.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the role of the serum big ET-1 as a biomarker of OSCC, by correlating it with the clinical staging and the histopathological grading.

Material and Methods

Serum levels of big ET-1 measured by the sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in 40 OSCC cases were compared with the levels from the control group using independent t-test. Clinical stages and histopathological grades of OSCC cases were compared in relation to their mean levels of serum big ET-1, one using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and the other the independent t-test, respectively. The significance of the mean difference between the groups was evaluated by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. All statistical analyses were performed on GraphPad statistical software version 5.0.

Results

By comparing the mean of the big ET-1 concentrations of cases and controls, the independent t-test revealed significant higher big ET-1 concentration of OSCC cases when compared to controls (p<0.0001). Tukey’s multiple comparison test also revealed statistically significant difference among all OSCC stages in relation to the mean levels of serum big ET-1. However, the mean of the big ET-1 concentrations of cases of grade I and of grade II did not differ statistically (p=0.729).

Conclusion

Serum big ET-1 levels may be useful as a diagnostic tool in OSCC and as an adjunct to OSCC staging. However, its use as a prognostic marker warrants larger prospective studies.     

中空多孔钛假体复合松质骨基质兔体内骨生成组织学研究

目的：利用复合松质骨基质(Cancellous bone matrix ,CBM)的中空多孔钛假体(Hollow porous titanium prostheses, HPTP)观察兔体内假体周围及内部骨生成情况,探讨人工假体与骨质整合的改进方法。方法设计中空多孔(孔径2 mm)和无孔两种假体,表面行羟基磷灰石(Hydroxyapatite ,HA)喷涂。实验组分为无孔假体组(A组)、HPTP组(B组)和HPTP＋CBM组(C组),每组16例。将假体分别植入48只4~6个月龄新西兰大白兔右侧股骨外侧髁,饲养至第3、8、12周时取材,以X线、显微镜、电镜及形态计量软件观察复合假体表面及内部骨生成情况。采用SPSS13.0进行t检验分析。结果三组植入物外表面HA涂层的组织生长情况类似;A组无孔,未见骨长入,B组和C组中骨组织最终可长入假体2 mm大的圆孔;各时间点C组中空腔内骨生长率均明显高于B组(P<0.01)。结论骨质可经HPTP假体孔洞长入腔内,达到交锁固定,较无孔假体更稳定;中空腔复合CBM后可明显加快骨长入并诱导骨生成,使假体与骨质更好整合。     

MRI扩散加权成像对肝细胞癌病理分级的预测价值分析

目的:探讨MRI扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)对肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)病理分级的预测价值分析。方法:2014年2月至2018年4月选择在南充市中心医院肿瘤科住院诊治的HCC患者74例,病理分级为Ⅰ级34例,Ⅱ级30例,Ⅲ级10例。所有患者都给予常规MRI与DWI检查,记录诊断特征与预测病理分级状况。结果:Ⅰ级患者中14例DWI为高信号,8例为低信号,12例为等信号;Ⅱ级患者中16例DWI为高信号,7例为低信号,7例为等信号;Ⅲ级患者中DWI为高信号。Ⅲ级患者的病灶ADC值显著低于Ⅰ级与Ⅱ级患者,Ⅱ级患者低于Ⅰ级患者,对比差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在74例患者中,MRIDWI都诊断为HCC,判断为Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级32例,Ⅲ级10例,诊断正确率为94.6%。以ADC值=1.42×10^-3mm^2/s与1.13×10^-3mm^2/s作为鉴别诊断HCC病理Ⅰ级/Ⅱ级和Ⅱ级/Ⅲ级的分级标准,诊断AUC值分别为0.786和0.739。结论:MRI DWI对HCC病理分级具有中等的预测诊断价值,可为HCC的病例分级补充提供有价值的鉴别诊断信息。     

降酸方联合非布司他治疗急性顽固性痛风性关节炎的临床观察

目的观察自拟降酸方联合非布司他治疗急性顽固性痛风性关节炎的临床疗效。方法选择2017年1月～2019年9月门诊收治的确诊为急性痛风性关节炎的患者100例,分为西药组和中西药组,西药组给予非布司他片,80 mg,每日1次口服,20 d为1个疗程。中西药组在西药组基础上给予降酸方,每日两次,20 d为1个疗程,早晚饭后半小时温服。比较两组治疗前和治疗20 d后血尿酸、C反应蛋白及疼痛评分,评估两组有效率。并比较中西药组治疗前和治疗3个月后的疼痛改善情况。结果治疗前两组UA、CRP和VAS比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗20 d后两组UA、CRP和VAS均低于治疗前,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。中西药组愈显率为100%,明显好于西药组的14%(P0.05)。治疗前疼痛功能分级优0例,良4例,可38例,差8例。治疗3个月后优21例,良29例,可0例,差0例。治疗前CI(0.699,0.777),治疗后CI(0.224,0.300),值小的疗效好。结论自拟降酸方联合非布司他能显著降低血尿酸及C反应蛋白,并降低疼痛评分,明显优于单纯非布司他治疗,对于急性顽固性痛风性关节炎疗效显著,费用低廉,可以长期使用,值得临床推广。