Overweight/Obesity and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

BackgroundObesity and high body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased incidence of multiple myeloma (MM). MM usually evolves from a precursor asymptomatic disease, namely monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). MGUS progresses to MM at a 1% annual rate; however, risk factors predisposing to MGUS are not completely understood. We conducted a systematic review to assess the relationship between obesity and high BMI with MGUS prevalence and progression to MM. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review evaluating the role of obesity in MGUS.Patients and MethodsWe searched the Medline database and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies investigating BMI and obesity association with MGUS incidence and progression. The algorithm consisted of a predefined combination of the words “obesity,” “obese,” “body mass index,” “overweight,” “diet,” “nutrition,” “food,” “dietary,” “adiponectin,” “monoclonal gammopathy,” and “MGUS”.ResultsOverall, 12 articles were retrieved, including 11 eligible articles and 1 clinical trial. More than 57,068 patients were evaluated in this systematic review. Discrepancies between the identified studies were noted. Multiple studies support the notion that obesity or high BMI are positively linked to MGUS prevalence and transition to MM. In contrast, other studies revealed no such association. Visceral adipose tissue metabolic activity and decreased adiponectin concentrations were identified as biomarkers of MGUS progression to MM.ConclusionObesity and increased BMI seem to be implicated both in MGUS development and progression to MM. Further studies should be designed to confirm this hypothesis.     

Prognostic significance of pretreatment total lymphocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer

Background

We evaluated pretreatment total lymphocyte count (TLC, marker of immunosuppression), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, marker of inflammation), and overall survival (OS) in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC).

血液肿瘤患儿合并侵袭性真菌感染研究进展

侵袭性真菌病(invasive fungal disease,IFD)已经成为血液肿瘤患儿致病和致死的重要原因.虽然白假丝酵母菌仍是目前儿童侵袭性真菌感染中最常见的致病真菌,但近年来非白假丝酵母菌所致感染和侵袭性曲霉菌感染有显著上升.早期治疗和及时的抗真菌治疗是控制IFD的关键.该文对血液肿瘤患儿合并IFD的诊断及治疗进行综述,以期为临床医生提供帮助.     

嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法在血液病中的应用:第57届美国血液学会年会报道

嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)疗法是一种新型的免疫治疗方法,通过体外基因转移技术,于自体T细胞表面表达特异性抗体,并以非主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)限制性的方式结合对应抗原.目前,CAR-T技术是治疗恶性肿瘤的有效手段之一,在血液病中,其对部分白血病和淋巴瘤有效.未来还需要行进一步的研究,以加深对CAR-T技术的理解,促进其发展,为血液肿瘤的治疗提供新的思路.     

嵌合抗原受体T细胞的应用进展与挑战：第57届美国血液学会年会报道

嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）是目前最有发展前景的肿瘤免疫疗法之一,在第57届美国血液学会（ASH）年会上受到了极大关注。CAR-T在白血病和淋巴瘤中已经取得显著的疗效,该次大会上的最新研究结果也令人鼓舞。 CAR-T疗法如何与传统的治疗方法、免疫靶点阻断剂以及小分子靶向药物等联合应用,以达到最佳的疗效,也是面临的一个重要任务。文章就CAR-T在血液肿瘤中的应用进展进行介绍。     

Oral Vancomycin Prophylaxis as Secondary Prevention Against Clostridioides difficile Infection in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematologic Malignancy Population

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common complication in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and hematologic malignancy (HM) population. CDI is associated with increased hospital length of stay, health care and societal costs, morbidity, and mortality. Identifying strategies for secondary prevention of CDI is of extreme importance in the HSCT/HM population. In this study, our primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an oral vancomycin prophylaxis (OVP) protocol for secondary prevention of CDI in a retrospective cohort of adult autologous/allogeneic HSCT recipients and patients with HM who did not undergo HSCT with a first CDI episode treated with concomitant broad-spectrum antibiotics (BSA). Patients were diagnosed and treated for CDI as inpatients and/or outpatients and were divided into 2 groups based on a preprotocol versus postprotocol analysis: the OVP group, comprising patients who received planned monotherapy with oral vancomycin 125 mg every 6 hours for 14 days for a first episode of CDI and subsequently received OVP posttreatment and a no OVP (NOVP) group, comprising patients who received planned monotherapy with oral vancomycin 125 mg every 6 hours for 14 days for a first episode of CDI and subsequently did not receive OVP posttreatment. OVP was defined as vancomycin 125 mg every 12 hours for up to 7 days after BSA discontinuation. The primary endpoint was recurrent CDI (rCDI), defined as symptoms of loose stools/diarrhea with high clinical suspicion for CDI prompting empiric therapy within 60 days of completion of treatment/prophylaxis for the first CDI episode. The incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infection and 60-day mortality were also compared between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression was created from associated variables to identify independent associations with rCDI. A total of 50 patients were included, 21 in the OVP group (42%) and 29 in the NOVP group (58%). The mean patient age was 58 years, and the cohort was 60% male and 86% Caucasian. HSCT was performed in 60% of the patients, and 76% of CDI cases were diagnosed during hospitalization. The rate of rCDI was significantly lower in the OVP group compared with the NOVP group (5% [1 of 21] versus 35% [10 of 29]; P= .016), with no subsequent increase in VRE infection rate (14% [3 of 21] versus 10% [3 of 29]; P = .686). By multivariable logistic regression, rCDI was inversely associated with OVP (odds ratio [OR], .14; 95% confidence interval [CI], .007 to .994; P = .049) and directly associated with outpatient CDI diagnosis (OR, 8.72; 95% CI, 1.816 to 49.158; P = .007). No between-group differences were found in 60-day mortality (10% [2 of 21] for OVP versus 7% [2 of 29] for NOVP; P > 0.999). OVP appears to be safe and effective for secondary prevention of CDI in the HSCT/HM population. Prospective trials are needed to validate the effectiveness of OVP in this vulnerable population to prevent rCDI.     

Pulmonary Impairment after Respiratory Viral Infections Is Associated with High Mortality in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients

Pulmonary impairment predicts increased mortality in many settings, and respiratory viral infection (RVI) causes considerable morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (allo-HCT). We hypothesized that pulmonary impairment after RVI, defined as a decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second values by ≥10%, may identify allo-HCT recipients at high risk for mortality. We studied all allo-HCT recipients at our institution who had RVI with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or influenza from 2004 to 2013 and had pre-RVI and post-RVI pulmonary function tests. We used competing risk regression models to identify risk factors for 2-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) as the primary outcome after RVI and relapse-related mortality as a competing risk. From 223 eligible patients, pulmonary impairment after RVI was associated with over a 3-fold increase in 2-year NRM (pulmonary impairment, 25.3%; no impairment, 7.4%; univariate subhazard ratio [SHR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 8.1; P < .001). After adjusting for age and systemic steroid use, pulmonary impairment after RVI was still associated with increased 2-year NRM (SHR, 3.3 [95% CI, 1.6 to 6.9]; P?=?.002). After adjustment for race and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, chronic GVHD at the time of RVI (odds ratio [OR], 2.8 [95% CI, 1.4 to 5.4]; p?=?.003) and lymphopenia (OR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.1 to 4.2]; P?=?.02) were associated with increased odds of pulmonary impairment, whereas use of nonmyeloablative conditioning was associated with reduced odds of pulmonary impairment (OR, .4 [95% CI, .2 to .8]; P?=?.006). In allo-HCT recipients with RVIs, pulmonary impairment after RVI is associated with high NRM at 2years.     

阿米福汀在造血干细胞移植全身放疗中对黏膜的保护作用

目的 探讨造血干细胞移植中应用阿米福汀对全身放疗患者的口腔及胃肠道黏膜的保护作用、对骨髓造血重建的影响、药物不良反应及安全性。方法 回顾性分析本院2012-2016年接受全身放疗为预处理方案的造血干细胞移植病例共计32例,其中全身放疗前应用阿米福汀病例14例,放疗前未应用阿米福汀病例（对照组）18例,比较两组患者预处理放疗后发生口腔黏膜炎、胃肠道黏膜炎、应用肠外营养情况、骨髓造血重建以及阿米福汀相关不良反应等情况。结果 阿米福汀组病例发生3~4级口腔黏膜炎比例（14.3%）明显低于对照组（77.2%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.62,P<0.05）。阿米福汀组患者发生2级及3级胃肠道黏膜炎比例分别为35.7%及61.5%,对照组发生2级及3级胃肠道黏膜炎比例分别为33.3%及66.7%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。阿米福汀组患者应用肠外营养比例为21.4%,对照组为38.8%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。阿米福汀组患者粒细胞植入中位时间为12 d,血小板植入中位时间为12.5 d,对照组患者粒细胞及血小板植入时间分别为11及13 d,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。本研究未发现阿米福汀相关明显不良反应。结论 全身放疗前应用阿米福汀可明显减少严重口腔黏膜炎的发生,且耐受性良好,对造血干细胞植入无明显影响。     

血液病所致急性肾损伤的影像学特征

目的探讨血液病伴发急性肾损伤(AKI)患者肾脏以及肾周间隙的影像学特征。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月,唐山市人民医院(23例)和乐亭县医院(9例)血液科、肾内科,共收治的32例血液病合并AKI患者的腹部影像学检查资料。其中急性粒细胞白血病未分化型2例,急性淋巴细胞白血病3例,原发性巨球蛋白血症2例,真性红细胞增多症4例,多发性骨髓瘤17例,Pomes综合征2例,反应性单株免疫球蛋白增多症2例。所有患者行CT、磁共振(MR)平扫检查,由于患者均存在不同程度肾脏损害,为避免加重肾脏负担和预防对比剂肾病的发生,所有病例均未做增强扫描。 结果32例患者临床以及实验室检查均符合AKI诊断标准,影像学检查显示肾脏以及肾周间隙均存在异常改变;AKI影像学表现：双侧肾脏外形增大;多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现为肾脏密度弥漫性减低;MR检查T1WI表现肾脏实质信号减低,T2WI肾脏实质信号弥漫性增高,STIR序列实质信号弥漫性增高;MSCT和MR均可见肾周间隙桥隔增粗,肾周间隙吉氏筋膜增厚,部分病例肾周间隙少量积液。 结论血液病伴AKI患者均存在肾脏以及肾周间隙异常影像学改变;通过分析血液病患者肾脏以及肾周间隙的异常影像学表现,影像科医生应提示临床医生警惕AKI的发生。