Repeated influenza vaccination induces similar immune protection as first‐time vaccination but with differing immune responses

BackgroundRecent seasonal epidemics of influenza have been caused by human influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes and influenza B viruses. Annual vaccination is recommended to prevent infection; however, how annual influenza vaccination influences vaccine effectiveness is largely unknown.MethodsTo investigate the impact of repeated vaccination on immune and protective effect, we performed a prospective seroepidemiologic study. Participants with or without prior vaccination (2018–2019) were enrolled during the 2019–2020 influenza season. Inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) was administered through the intramuscular route, and venous blood samples were collected regularly to test hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers.ResultsThe geometric mean titers and proportion with titers ≥40 against the influenza vaccine components peaked at 30 days post‐vaccination. At Day 30, the geometric mean titer and proportion with titers ≥40 in participants who had been previously vaccinated were higher for H3N2 but similar for both B lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) as compared with participants vaccinated for the first time. As for H1N1, the geometric mean titer was lower in repeated vaccinated participants, but the proportion with titers ≥40 was consistent in both groups.ConclusionsRepeated vaccination provides similar or enhanced protection as compared with single vaccination in first‐time vaccinees.     

2006～2007年泰安市流感病毒检测结果分析

目的对2006—2007年度泰安市流行性感冒的病原学监测结果进行分析，了解泰安市流感流行情况，为流感防治提供科学依据。方法采集流感样病例（ILI）的咽拭子标本，用狗肾细胞（MDCK）进行病毒分离，采用血凝抑制方法（HAI）进行流感病毒型别鉴定。结果检测的国家级流感监测医院ILI咽拭子标本243份，分离到流感病毒25株，阳性分离率为10．29％，经分型鉴定A（H3N2）亚型14株，A（H1N1）亚型1株，B型Victoria系10株；结论2006～2007年度泰安市有流感流行，流行的优势毒株为A（H3N2）亚型和B型Victoria系，同时有A（H1N1）亚型毒株的存在，B型Victoria系主要在幼儿中流行。     

Safety and immunogenicity of a virus-like particle pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine: Results from a double-blinded,randomized Phase I clinical trial in healthy Asian volunteers

Methods

A novel, fully bacterially produced recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) based influenza vaccine (gH1-Qbeta) against A/California/07/2009(H1N1) was tested in a double-blind, randomized phase I clinical trial at two clinical sites in Singapore. The trial evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of gH1-Qbeta in the presence or absence of alhydrogel adjuvant. Healthy adult volunteers with no or low pre-existing immunity against A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) were randomized to receive two intramuscular injections 21 days apart, with 100 μg vaccine, containing 42 μg hemagglutinin antigen. Antibody responses were measured before and 21 days after each immunization by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays. The primary endpoint was seroconversion on Day 42, defined as percentage of subjects which reach a HAI titer ≥40 or achieve an at least 4-fold rise in HAI titer (with pre-existing immunity). The co-secondary endpoints were safety and seroconversion on Day 21.

Results

A total of 84 Asian volunteers were enrolled in this study and randomized to receive the adjuvanted (n = 43) or the non-adjuvanted (n = 41) vaccine. Of those, 43 and 37 respectively (95%) completed the study. There were no deaths or serious adverse events reported during this trial. A total of 535 adverse events occurred during treatment with 49.5% local solicited symptoms, of mostly (76.4%) mild severity. The most common treatment-related systemic symptom was fatigue. The non-adjuvanted vaccine met all primary and secondary endpoints and showed seroconversion in 62.2% and 70.3% of participants respectively on Day 21 and Day 42. While the adjuvanted vaccine showed an increased seroconversion from 25.5% (Day 21) to 51.2% (Day 42), it did not meet the immunogenicity endpoint.

Conclusion

In summary, non-adjuvanted gH1-Qbeta showed similar antibody mediated immunogenicity and a comparable safety profile in healthy humans to commercially available vaccines. These results warrant the consideration of this VLP vaccine platform for the vaccination against influenza infection (HSA CTC1300092).     

The efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus intravenous irinotecan,leucovorin and fluorouracil in colorectal cancer with inoperable hepatic metastasis

Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) was evaluated for different drugs to treat hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer (CRC). Combination treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, oxaliplatin and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) is effective for CRC. A phase II study was conducted to evaluate concomitant HAI administration of oxaliplatin and intravenous leucovorin, 5-FU and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) for patients with inoperable liver metastasis, which had chemotherapy with oxaliplatin (OX) 85?mg/m² HAI plus systemic intravenous chemotherapy [leucovorin 200?mg/m², 5-FU 2400?mg/m² and irinotecan (IRI) 160?mg/m² in 48 hours]. We treated 24 patients. Neutropaenia was the most frequent toxicity. The main HAI-related toxicity was pain. Two patients (8%) obtained complete response and 17 patients (70%) partial response, giving an objective response rate of 78%. Median follow-up was 22.8 months, and median overall and disease-free survival times were 29 and 20 months, respectively. Therefore, OX HAI and intravenous FOLFIRI is feasible and effective in patients with metastatic CRC.     

Vitamin E,vitamin A,and zinc status are not related to serologic response to influenza vaccine in older adults: an observational prospective cohort study

It has been hypothesized that micronutrient levels play a role in the immune response to vaccination; however, population-level research on the association between micronutrient levels and immune response to influenza vaccination is needed. In this study, we hypothesized that decreasing levels of nutrients would be associated with decreased hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) responses to influenza vaccination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether serum vitamin A, vitamin E, or zinc levels are associated with influenza vaccine response determined by HAI titer in adults 65 years or older. Participants in this study included 205 community-dwelling adults 65 years or older who resided in Marshfield, WI, USA, from fall 2008 through spring 2009. Participants received trivalent influenza vaccine and donated blood samples before and 21 to 28 days after vaccination. Prevaccination levels of serum retinol, α-tocopherol, and zinc as well as prevaccination and postvaccination HAI titer levels were measured. No participants were vitamin A or vitamin E deficient; 20% had low serum zinc levels (<70 μg/dL). Continuous variables and categorical quartiles coding for vitamin A, vitamin E, and zinc levels were not related to prevaccination or postvaccination seroprotection or seroconversion for any of the vaccine components (influenza A [H1N1], A [H3N2], or B), after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and prevaccination HAI geometric mean titer. In conclusion, our study population showed no association between variations in levels of serum vitamin A, vitamin E, or zinc and influenza vaccine response as measured by HAI in adults older than 65 years. Thus, associations between micronutrients and other measures of vaccine response, such as cell-mediated immune parameters, should also be explored.     

上海市社区口服降糖药的可负担性评价

目的：评价上海市社区口服降糖药的可负担性。方法：采用世界卫生组织/国际健康行动组织（WHO/HAI）的标准化调查方法进行价格调查,采用WHO/HAI标准化可负担性评价方法、贫化法和灾化法3种方法对口服降糖药物的可负担性进行评价。结果：在社区医疗机构,大部分口服降糖药的可负担性较差,仿制药的负担性均优于原研药;城镇居民与农村居民相比负担较重,不同种类的口服降糖药在上海市居民中致贫作用差异较大,约20倍;5种口服降糖药会导致上海市10多万居民陷入灾难性支出。医保政策可以大幅降低口服降糖药带来的负担,缩小高价药品与低价药品之间的致贫差距。结论：上海市口服降糖药的可负担性较差,建议相关部门做好原研药品价格调整与监管,鼓励和引导仿制药品的研发,推进异地医保对接,以提高糖尿病患者的可负担性。