不同脑保护方法中炎症反应对脑组织的影响

目的 通过观察体外循环中采用不同脑保护方法时脑组织中各种炎性细胞因子的变化，探讨脑保护对炎症反应的影响。方法 将18只健康成年杂种犬随机均分为3组：常温体外循环组（normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass，NCPB组），深低温停循环组（deep hypothermic circulatory arrest，DHCA组），深低温停循环＋间断选择性顺行性脑灌注组（intermittent selective antegrade cerebral perfusion，ISACP，DHCA＋ISACP组）。术后检测犬脑组织的含水量，分离并取出海马，制备脑组织匀浆，采用放射免疫法测定白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）的含量。在透射电子显微镜（TE）下检测海马脑组织的细胞形态学变化。结果 DHCA组的IL-1β和TNF—α含量明显高于NCPB组和DHCA＋ISACP组（P〈0．01），但NCPB组与DHCA＋ISACP组间比较差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；TNF—α和IL-1β含量与脑水肿的程度呈正相关（r=0．987，0．942；P〈0．01）。TE检查显示DHCA组超微结构破坏较严重，而NCPB组和DHCA＋ISACP组破坏较轻。结论 长时间DHCA会造成脑损伤，DHCA＋ISACP有一定的脑保护作用，IL-1β和TNF—α在长时间DHCA中对脑损伤起一定的作用。     

Effects of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system following open heart surgery

The effects of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and tissue metabolism, especially those which occur soon after surgery, were studied in 26 patients who required total cardiopulmonary bypass for longer than 60 minutes. These patients comprised 11 who underwent open heart surgery utilizing nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (Group I) and 15 who underwent open heart surgery utilizing pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (Group II). Plasma angiotensin II and serum aldosterene levels were significantly increased one and 5 hours postoperatively in Group I when compared with the preoperative values, whereas no significant elevations were observed in Group II. Plasma angiotensin II and serum aldosterone levels one hour postoperatively in Group II were significantly lower than those in Group I. Lactate levels in the arterial blood were significantly elevated, one and 5 hours postoperatively in both Groups I and II. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in the lactate levels between Groups I and II, one hour postoperatively. In the nonpulsatile group (Group I), plasma angiotensin II levels one hour postoperatively were correlated significantly with the duration of total cardiopulmonary bypass. In conclusion, pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass offers significant advantages in terms of lower plasma angiotensin II and serum aldosterone levels, when compared with nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass soon after open heart surgery requiring total cardiopulmonary bypass for longer than 60 minutes, however, it does not offer a definite advantage for tissue metabolism.     

非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术的麻醉方法及血液动力学和氧代谢的变化

目的 观察非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术的麻醉方法、术中病人血液动力学和氧代谢的变化以及术后病人的早期.非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术闰人20例，麻醉用咪唑安定0.1-0.2mg/kg、芬太尼15－30μg/kg及0.5%-2%的吸入麻醉药等，在切皮前、开心包后、心脏操作中、操作完成后10min及术毕观察血液动力学指标及脑氧饱和度，同时采集桡动脉和肺动脉血，测定血气及动脉血乳酸（ABL），计算氧供DO2）、氧耗（VO2）和氧摄取率（ERO2）。术后早期观察术后拔除气管插管、ICU停留及术后住院时间、并发症及死亡等情况。结果 心脏操作中MAP、SV、SI下降，HR、CVP升高，MAP下降以搭回旋支时最明显（P＜0.01），HR升高以搭右冠时最明显（P＜0.01）；心脏操作中DO2降低（P＜0.05），VO2无变化，ERO2升高（P＜0.01）；操作后DO2、ERO2恢复至操作前水平；操作后ABL升高（P＜0.01）。结论 本组麻醉方法使病人完全度过非体外循环搭桥术，在心脏操作期易出现血压、每搏量、心指数下降，伴心率、静脉压升高，但时间短暂无严重后果，氧代谢紊乱及缺氧程度较轻。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术在高危冠心病中的应用

目的 探讨用非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)的方法，以避免体外循环对冠心病高危因素患者产生的不良影响。方法 对100例冠心病患者行OPCAB，其中69例伴有冠心外科手术的高危因素。血管病变主要涉及左、右冠状动脉各分支。结果 手术死亡1例(1.4％)，手术转换2例(2．9％)，移植血管失功1例(1.4％)，术后非致命性心肌梗死4例(5．8％)，肾功能衰竭1例(1．4％)，胸骨感染1例(1．4％)，24小时内拔除气管内插管68例(98.6％)，接受输血17例(25．O％)。术后随访56例，随访时间1—13个月，死亡2例，心绞痛复发4例，充血性心力衰竭2例。术后无脑血管意外、再次手术止血、室性心律失常、下胶切口感染和呼吸衰竭等并发症发生。随访病例中14例做冠状动脉血管造影术，仅1例移植血管狭窄大于50％。所有乳内动脉血管桥均通畅。结论 对某些具有冠心外科手术高危因素的患者，采用OPCAB可降低并发症发生率和手术死亡率。然而，这种技术较适用于冠状动脉解剖条件较好的病例。远期结果需要长期随访进一步加以证实。     

306例冠状动脉旁路移植术临床分析

目的　总结冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病的体会。　方法　回顾性分析 3 0 6例冠状动脉旁路移植术。男 2 49例 ,女 5 7例。应用体外循环 2 3 4例 ,非体外循环 72例。搭桥数 1～ 6支 人 ,平均 (3 .45± 1.2 5 )支 人。对手术方法、主要并发症和术后处理进行分析总结。结果　二次开胸 5例 (1.6% ) ,低心排综合征 10例 (3 .3 % ) ,应用IABP4例 (1.3 % ) ,肝功能不全 6例 (2 .0 % )。肾功能不全 7例 (2 .3 % ) ,反复发作房颤 2 3例 (7.5 % ) ,肺功能不全 6例(2 .0 % ) ,脑合并症 3例 (1.0 % ) ,胸腔积液 41例 (13 .4% )。死亡 7例 (2 .3 % ) ,其余病人康复出院。结论　合理的选择病人 ,成熟的手术技术 ,良好的心肌保护及术后处理的加强是提高冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效的重要措施。     

羟乙基淀粉130/0.4预充液对围体外循环期患儿血管内皮细胞及血管通透性的影响

目的探讨羟乙基淀粉130／0．4预充液对先天性心脏病患儿围体外循环期血管内皮细胞(VEC)及血管通透性的影响。方法择期体外循环(CPB)下行心内直视手术的先天性心脏病患儿40例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,男19例,女21例,年龄5～18岁,随机分为2组(n=20):血浆组(对照组)和羟乙基淀粉130／0．4组(试验组)。对照组预充乳酸林格氏液和血浆,试验组预充乳酸林格氏液和羟乙基淀粉130／0．4。胶体预充液用量18-33 m1·kg-1,晶体:胶体=0．60-0．70。分别于转流前即刻(T1)、转流30min(T2)、转流结束即刻(T3)、转流结束6 h(T4)、术后第1天清晨(T5)检测血浆循环内皮细胞(CEC)数量、内毒素、可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(sICAM-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及尿微量白蛋白(U-Mal)浓度。结果．T1时两组CEC、内毒素、sICAM-1、TNF-α、U-Mal差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。CEC:两组T2、T3及T4时较T1增高,T4时试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。内毒素:两组T2、T3、T4时较T1升高,T3、T4、T5时试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。sICAM-1:对照组T4、T5时较T1升高,T4时试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。TNF-α:对照组T3时较T1升高,试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。U-Mal:两组T4时较T1升高,试验组低于对照组(P<0．05)。结论羟乙基淀粉130／0．4预充液对先天性心脏病患儿围体外循环期VEC及其功能具有保护作用。     

The effect of calcium dobesilate on venous function following saphenectomy in coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether prophylactic use of calcium dobesilate (CD) can improve venous function after saphenous vein harvest in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients who underwent elective CABG were divided into four equal groups. In Group A, the greater saphenous vein (GSV) was harvested below the knee and, in Group B, through the knee till the groin. These patients remained untreated. Group C received CD in a dosage of 1500 mg po daily after the GSV was harvested below the knee. Group D received same dosage of CD after the GSV was harvested through the knee till the groin. Venous function of ipsilateral leg was evaluated clinically and by Doppler ultrasonography in the postoperative first week and second month. RESULTS: Clinical findings of venous insufficiency were observed with a similar rate between groups at both early and late periods. In Groups A and B, after 2 months, flow velocities decreased and reflux periods increased significantly. In groups C and D, treatment with CD for 2 months after saphenectomy resulted in a significant increase in flow velocities and a significant decrease in reflux periods. Patients in Groups B and D have significantly more impaired venous functions. CONCLUSION: Saphenectomy results in ipsilateral leg venous dysfunction, which seems to be unrelated to leg swelling and to be more prominent in patients with high-level saphenectomy. In addition, to be careful about the restriction of the saphenectomy procedure into the most appropriate level, prophylactic use of CD can prevent this deterioration when it was added to varice socks.