胸腔镜联合腹腔镜食管癌切除术10例

目的探讨胸、腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术的可行性和近期疗效。方法对2009年9月～2010年2月10例食管癌行电视胸腔镜联合腹腔镜下食管癌根治术,先取平卧头高脚低30°位,在腹腔镜下游离胃并清扫腹部淋巴结,然后取左侧卧位,经右胸在胸腔镜下游离切除食管并清扫胸部淋巴结。最后将胃由膈肌裂孔上提到胸腔,制成管状胃,将胃与食管在右胸膜顶行吻合。结果全组无中转开胸,手术时间3.5～5.5h,术中失血量200～400ml。胸腔引流总量300～550ml,术后住院时间8～12d。术后无严重并发症,恢复顺利。术后随访1～5个月,平均3个月,无肿瘤复发或转移。结论对于胸中下段食管癌,胸、腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术技术上安全可行,近期疗效满意。     

Strategies to reduce pulmonary complications after esophagectomy

Esophagectomy,the surgical removal of all or part of the esophagus,is a surgical procedure that is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Pulmonary complications are an especially important postoperative problem.Therefore,many perioperative strategies to prevent pulmonary complications after esophagectomy have been investigated and introduced in daily clinical practice.Here,we review these strategies,including improvement of patient performance and technical advances such as minimally invasive surgery that have been implemented in recent years.Furthermore,interventions such as methylprednisolone,neutrophil elastase inhibitor and epidural analgesia,which have been shown to reduce pulmonary complications,are discussed.Benefits of the commonly applied routine nasogastric decompression,delay of oral intake and prophylactic mechanical ventilation are unclear,and many of these strategies are also evaluated here.Finally,we will discuss recent insights and new developments aimed to improve pulmonary outcomes after esophagectomy.     

Long-term Outcomes and Factors Affecting the Survival of Patients with Mucosal Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background/AimsData regarding the prognosis of early esophageal cancer are lacking. This study investigated the long-term outcomes and factors affecting the survival of patients with mucosal esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (T1aESCC).MethodsWe analyzed the clinical and tumor-specific parameters of 263 patients who received surgical resection (SR; n=63) or endoscopic resection (ER; n=200) for T1aESCC. Underlying comorbidities were scored using the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Overall survival (OS) was the primary outcome, and multivariate regression analysis was performed to predict factors for OS.ResultsOf the study patients (age, 64.5±8.0 years), the CCI was 1.0±1.4 in the ER group and 0.6±0.9 in the SR group (p=0.107). The 5-year OS rate during follow-up (54.4±20.4 months) was 85.7% (ER group, 86.8%; SR group, 82.4%; p=0.631). The cumulative 5-year incidence of esophageal cancer recurrence was 10.5% in the ER group (vs 0% in the SR group). The overall mortality rate was 12.9% (ER group, 12.0%; SR group, 15.9%; p=0.399). The most common cause of mortality was second primary cancers in the ER group (75%) and organ dysfunction or postoperative complications in the SR group (70%). According to multivariate analysis, only CCI was significantly associated with OS (p<0.001). The 5-year OS rate in patients with a CCI >2 and in those with a CCI ≤2 was 60.2% and 88.2%, respectively (p<0.001). The treatment method (ER vs SR) was not a significant affecting factor (p=0.238).ConclusionsThe long-term prognosis of patients with T1aESCC was significantly associated with underlying comorbidities. (Gut Liver 2021;15-712)     

Outcomes of submucosal(T1b) esophageal adenocarcinomas removed by endoscopic mucosal resection

AIM To investigate the outcomes and recurrences of p T1 b esophageal adenocarcinoma(EAC) following endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) and associated treatments.METHODS Patients undergoing EMR with pathologically confirmed T1 b EAC at two academic referral centers were retrospectively identified.Patients were divided into 4 groups based on treatment following EMR:Endoscopic therapy alone(group A),endoscopic therapy with either chemotherapy,radiation or both(group B),surgicalresection(group C) or no further treatment/lost to follow-up(12 mo)(group D).Pathology specimens were reviewed by a central pathologist.Follow-up data was obtained from the academic centers,primary care physicians and/or referring physicians.Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors predicting recurrence of EAC.RESULTS Fifty-three patients with T1 b EAC underwent EMR,of which 32(60%) had adequate follow-up ≥ 12 mo(median 34 mo,range 12-103).There were 16 patients in group A,9 in group B,7 in group C and 21 in group D.Median follow-up in groups A to C was 34 mo(range 12-103).Recurrent EAC developed overall in 9 patients(28%) including 6(38%) in group A(median:21 mo,range:6-73),1(11%) in group B(median:30 mo,range:30-30) and 2(29%) in group C(median 21 mo,range:7-35.Six of 9 recurrences were local;of the 6 recurrences,5 were treated with endoscopy alone.No predictors of recurrence of EAC were identified.CONCLUSION Endoscopic therapy of T1 b EAC may be a reasonable strategy for a subset of patients including those either refusing or medically unfit for esophagectomy.     

Factors resulting in postoperative dysphagia following esophagectomy: a narrative review

Esophagectomy is a technically involved surgery and can have significant postoperative morbidity. Although the mortality rate following esophagectomy has decreased in recent years, this surgical procedure has a relatively high complication rate compared to other surgeries to resect cancer. One of the most common complaints after esophagectomy is dysphagia. Dysphagia after esophagectomy can significantly affect quality of life. Dysphagia is a complication following esophagectomy that can lead to respiratory deterioration and death. The most common sites of postoperative dysphagia are the gastroesophageal anastomosis, gastric conduit, pylorus and the hiatus. Without appropriate treatment of dysphagia, malnutrition and dehydration can develop. These factors can lead to significant impacts to the overall health of a patient and increase mortality. A detailed literature review provided data to support diagnostic modalities and management strategies to treat postoperative dysphagia at these common areas. A systematic, evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment of postoperative dysphagia allows for prompt intervention and a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Treatment options for dysphagia vary, depending on the etiology. Based on the location and mechanism of dysphagia, options include stenting, dilation and surgical revision. Early treatment of dysphagia after esophagectomy can lessen the morbidity from this complication and improve quality of life.     

胸导管低位集束结扎在预防食管癌食管胃胸顶吻合术后乳糜胸的应用

目的探讨低位集束结扎在预防食管癌切除术后乳糜胸的应用价值。方法术中在下肺静脉平面（TR水平）双7号丝线将包括胸导管在内的束状组织一并结扎。结果489例食管癌切除后,无一例术后乳糜胸。结论用低位胸导管大块结扎预防食管癌切除术后乳糜胸操作简便,是降低食管癌术后乳糜胸的有效方法。