纵隔引流管对食管癌术后吻合口瘘、心肺并发症的临床意义

目的探讨纵隔引流管防治食管癌切除术术后吻合口瘘、心肺并发症的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2009年至2011年160例食管癌患者（研究组）手术中放置纵隔引流管对术后吻合口瘘、心肺并发症的影响;同期选择2007年至2009年的158例食管癌手术患者（对照组）作对照比较。结果研究组和对照组术后吻合口痿发生率分别为3．1％（5／160）和3．8％（6／158）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后肺部感染发生率分别为12．5％（20／160）和25．6％（41／158）,心脏并发症发生率为16．9％（27／160）和35．4％（56／158）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。对照组中大于60岁和有合并症的患者术后心肺并发症发生率与≤60岁和无合并症比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;但是对照组中患者心肺并发症发生率在性别、肿瘤部位、TNM分期及切口类型中比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术中放置纵隔引流管虽然不能降低食管癌切除术术后吻合口瘘的发生率,但是有助于减少心肺并发症的发生,特别是对高龄或具有心肺基础疾病的患者。     

Gastric interposition following transhiatal esophagectomy: Radiographic evaluation

Gastric interposition was achieved in 138 patients following transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy. Among these, 33 had benign and 105 malignant lesions. All patients were evaluated on the 10th postoperative day with a barium swallow examination. However, if an anastomotic leak was suspected clinically before this time, a water-soluble contrast study was initially obtained. Early postoperative complications included anastomotic leaks (15), cricopharyngeal incoordination with aspiration (6), and gastric perforation (2). Late postoperative complications included anastomotic strictures (12), pyloric stenosis (4), recurrence of tumor (3), and transhiatal visceral herniation (2). Our technique of postoperative radiographic evaluation, particularly when a leak is suspected clinically, is discussed.     

胸腔镜腹腔镜联合手术与开放手术治疗食管癌的Meta分析

目的系统评价胸腔镜腹腔镜联合与开放手术食管切除治疗食管癌的疗效及安全性。方法检索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆资料库、Google学术搜素、中国生物医学文献数据库及中国期刊全文数据库：检索时间范围均为建库至2011年7月。收集比较胸腔镜腹腔镜联合手术与开放手术治疗食管癌的随机对照试验和非随机对照试验。由两名研究者按Cochrane系统评价方法来筛选文献、评价质量、提取资料,并用RevMan5．1软件进行Meta分析。结果纳入10个临床对照试验共1017例样本。其中455例行胸腔镜腹腔镜联合手术。562例行开放手术。Meta分析结果显示。两组患者术后吻合口瘘发生率、围手术期死亡率及淋巴结清扫数目3项主要结局指标的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。对于10项次要结局指标的Meta分析结果显示,胸腔镜腹腔镜联合组患者手术时间更短、术中出血量更少、术后呼吸道并发症发生率更低（均P〈0．05）;两组患者总并发症、心脏并发症、吻合口狭窄、喉返神经损伤、住院时间、ICU停留时间及术后3年生存情况的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论胸腔镜腹腔镜联合手术可以达到开放手术治疗食管癌的疗效及安全性。     

Esophagectomy in patients with prior percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement

Background

The impact of preoperative percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement in patients undergoing esophagectomy is uncertain.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed in consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy. Patients were divided into groups based on whether or not they had preoperative PEG placement.

Results

One hundred seventeen patients were studied, 102 without (PEG−) and 15 with PEG+ before PEG tube placement. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 38% and 3%, respectively. The use of a gastric conduit was similar between groups (94% PEG− vs 87% PEG+, P = .27), and the presence of a PEG before PEG tube placement was not prohibitive in any case. Anastomotic leak rates were similar between groups (11% PEG− vs 15% PEG+, P = .65), and there were no leaks from previous PEG sites.

Conclusion

It appears that preoperative PEG tube placement has no adverse effect on the performance of esophagectomy and may be considered in highly selected patients with poor nutritional status.     

Esofaguectomía «tubeless»: menos es más

The esophageal cancer surgery is a complex procedure with elevated rates of both morbidity and mortality, which is why, in order to achieve adequate results, it should be performed in high volume centers, where complete multidisciplinary support is available and recent clinical guidelines are applied. We describe the initial experience and the technique of “tubeless” esophagectomy where esophageal resection and mediastinal lymphadenectomy are performed and no drains nor tubes of any kind are placed, with the aim to decrease the level of surgical aggression, enhance the postoperative comfort and accelerate the patient?s recovery.     

脂肪乳剂对食管癌术后细胞因子和免疫功能的影响

目的：本研究探讨脂肪乳剂对食管癌术后炎症反应和免疫功能的影响。方法：采用前瞻性、随机、对照设计，将33例食管癌切除术病人随机分成2组，A组(15例)为对照组接受不含脂肪乳剂的肠外营养，B组(18例)接受含有脂肪乳剂的肠外营养。2组病人的一般临床情况、非蛋白热量分布一致。分别于术前术后不同时段测定血清中IL—6、IL—10浓度、T细胞亚群和NK细胞活性。结果：术后1、3天两组血清IL—6水平均显升高，且B组显高于A组。血清IL—10与IL—6变化相似。术后3天血清IL-6浓度与IL—10浓度显正相关。术后血清IL—6／IL—10比值显升高，术后7天B组显高于A组。术后CD4^ /CD8^ ,NK细胞活性均显降低，术后10天B组CD4^ /CD8^ 比值显低于A组。术后3天CD4^ /CD8^ 比值与术后1天IL—6水平显正相关。结论：高应激病人输注脂肪乳剂能增加细胞因子产生并促进免疫抑制。     

Polymorphism at the 3'-UTR of the thymidylate synthase gene: a potential predictor for outcomes in Caucasian patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with preoperative chemoradiation

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that TS3'UTR polymorphisms predict outcomes in 146 Caucasian patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with preoperative 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: DNA was extracted from hematoxylin-and-eosin stained histologic slides of normal esophageal or gastric mucosa sections from paraffin blocks of esophagectomy specimens. Genotypes of the TS3'UTR polymorphism were determined by polymerase chain reaction for a 6-bp insertion. The genotype groups (0bp/0bp, 6bp/0bp, and 6bp/6bp) were compared for clinical features and overall survival, recurrence-free-survival, locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastasis control. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to find independent predictors for the stated outcomes. RESULTS: There was a trend of association between 6bp/6bp genotype and a decreased risk of local regional recurrence (hazards ratio = 0.211, 95% confidence interval = 0.041-1.095, p = 0.06) compared with other genotypes. There was a trend that patients with 6bp/6bp genotype had a higher 3-year probability of LRC compared with patients with the other two genotypes combined (p = 0.07); however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The null hypotheses were not rejected in this study, probably owing to small sample size or the single gene examined. Prospective studies with adequate statistical power analyzing a family of genes involved in the 5-fluorouracil metabolism are needed to assess genetic determinants of treatment-related outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma.     

Percutaneous replacement jejunostomy after esophagogastrectomy

A surgically placed jejunostomy tube is a safe and effective means of delivering nutritional support for the postesophagogastrectomy patient. We have previously described a method that permits percutaneous replacement of surgically placed jejunostomy feeding tubes, and now present our results with the use of this technique in 350 consecutive esophagogastrectomy patients. Replacement jejunostomy was required in 17 patients (4.9%). M1 patients had successful percutaneous jejunostomy replacement. There were no procedural complications or deaths. The timing of feeding tube replacement following esophagogastrectomy was predictive of the indication. Before 16 weeks, the indication for feeding tube replacement was intubation and inability to eat (1 patient) or anorexia with weight loss and dehydration (7 patients). At or after 16 weeks, the indications for feeding tube replacement were all related to symptoms resulting from recurrent carcinoma. We conclude that the technique of percutaneous jejunostomy allows the surgeon tremendous flexibility in the management of the postesophagogastrectomy patient as it preserves the advantages of an adjuvant surgically placed feeding tube over the lifetime of the patient. The technique is safe, and the success rate is excellent. Supported by the Evelyn Glick Fund for Thoracic Surgery.     

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the residual esophagus after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

A 91-year-old man was referred to our hospital with intermittent dysphagia. He had undergone esophagectomy for esophageal cancer(T3N2M0 Stage Ⅲ) 11 years earlier. Endoscopic examination revealed an anastomotic stricture; signs of inflammation,including redness,erosion,edema,bleeding,friability,and exudate with white plaques; and multiple depressions in the residual esophagus. Radiographical examination revealed numerous fine,gastrografinfilled projections and an anastomotic stricture. Biopsy specimens from the area of the anastomotic stricture revealed inflammatory changes without signs of malignancy. Candida glabrata was detected with a culture test of the biopsy specimens. The stricture was diagnosed as a benign stricture that was caused by esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis. Accordingly,endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed and antifungal therapy was started in the hospital. Seven weeks later,endoscopic examination revealed improvement in the mucosal inflammation; only the pseudodiverticulosis remained. Consequently,the patient was discharged. At the latest follow-up,the patient was symptomfree and the pseudodiverticulosis remained in the residual esophagus without any signs of stricture or inflammation.     

Giant liposarcoma of the esophagus: A case report

Liposarcomas rarely develop in the aerodigestive tract.Here,we present a primary esophageal liposarcoma that was discovered between the T3 and T7 levels of the esophagus during right pleural exploration of a 51-year-old male patient.The patient had presented with non-specific symptoms,including progressive dysphagia over the previous 6 mo,without complaints of chest or epigastric pain,regurgitation,or weight loss.A radical three-hole esophagectomy was performed.The tumor was extremely large(14 cm × 7.0 cm × 6.5 cm),but completely encapsulated.Upon histological examination,the tumor was diagnosed as a giant,well-differentiated esophageal liposarcoma with a dedifferentiated component.Non-specific radiological and endoscopic results during the clinical work-up delayed diagnosis until post-operative histology was performed.In this report,the clinical,radiological and endoscopic diagnostic challenges specific to the case are discussed,as well as the surgical and pathological findings.