紫杉醇序贯吉非替尼对三维培养非小细胞肺癌细胞的抑制作用及其机制

目的:探讨序贯或联合吉非替尼(gefitinib,G)和紫杉醇(paclitaxel,P)对三维细胞模型中非小细胞肺癌(non-smallcell lung cancer,NSCLC)的抑制作用及其机制。方法:采用超低黏附表面细胞培养板培养人NSCLC细胞株A427、Calu-3,使其形成三维细胞模型;分别采用磺酸罗丹明B(sulforhodamine B,SRB)、Cell Titer-Blue法检测紫杉醇序贯吉非替尼(P-G)、吉非替尼序贯紫杉醇(G-P)及紫杉醇联合吉非替尼(P+G)处理对贴壁和三维培养细胞增殖的抑制作用,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,Western blotting检测细胞中EGFR和Akt总蛋白及其磷酸化的水平。结果:单层细胞培养时,P-G、G-P和P+G处理后,A427细胞的存活率分别为(39.5±0.07)%、(57.7±0.03)%和(53.7±0.05)%,Calu-3细胞的存活率分别为(23.9±0.02)%、(58.2±0.05)%和(48.8±0.07)%,以P-G的抑制作用最强(P<0.05);三维细胞模型中,P-G、G-P和P+G处理后,A427细胞的存活率分别为(19.9±2.89)%、(43.2±8.64)%和(36.6±9.79)%,Calu-3细胞的存活率分别为(10.2±0.76)%、(50.0±3.45)%和(31.4±6.15)%,也以P-G的抑制作用最强(P<0.05);而且,P-G对这两细胞的抑制作用,三维培养细胞显著强于单层培养细胞(P<0.05)。P-G治疗可提高subG1期细胞比例,并诱导细胞阻滞在G1期;P-G治疗可明显下调三维培养细胞中磷酸化Akt和磷酸化EGFR的水平。结论:三维细胞模型中,P-G较P+G或G-P对NSCLC细胞的增殖有更强的抑制作用,可能与细胞周期阻滞和磷酸化Akt、EGFR水平下调有关。     

厄洛替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的观察厄洛替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效和毒副作用。方法38例经病理组织学检查确诊的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者，给予厄洛替尼150mg做，1次／d。结果38例患者均可以评价疗效，获CR1例（2．6％），PR11例（28．9％），SD19例（50．0％），PD7例（18．5％）。有效率（CR＋PR）为31．6％，疾病控制率（CR＋PR＋SD）为81．6％。腺癌的有效率优于鳞癌（P〈0．05），ECOG体力状况评分0～1分较2～3分的有效率高（P〈0．05）。中位疾病进展时间（1vrP）304d（95％CI：109-498d）；中位生存时间333d（95％CI：212--453d）。女性、腺癌、ECOG评分0～1分的TTP分别优于男性、鳞癌、ECOG评分2～3分者。腺癌、ECOG评分0～1分的中位生存时间分别优于鳞癌、ECOG评分2～3分者。经Cox风险比例模型分析，体力状况评分是服用厄洛替尼后TTP（HR：0．037，95％CI：0．010-0．147）和中位生存时间（HR：0．014。95％CI：0．002-0．125）独立的预测因素。最常见的毒副反应是皮疹和腹泻，对症处理后缓解。结论厄洛替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌有一定的疗效．安全性高，在国人中女性、腺癌、体力状况好的患者将有可能更多获益。     

The Role of Pharmacoethnicity in the Development of Cytotoxic and Molecular Targeted Drugs in Oncology

The effective and toxic ranges of anticancer drugs are very narrow and, in some cases, inverted. Thus determination of the most appropriate dosage and schedule of administration is crucial for optimal chemotherapy. In common arm trials conducted in Japan and by Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) that used the same doses and schedules for the administration of carboplatin plus paclitaxel, the frequency of hematological toxicity was significantly higher in the Japanese trials than in the SWOG trial, despite demonstrating similar response rates. The frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in tumors was significantly higher among East Asian populations, and these populations are also reported to demonstrate a higher response rates to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). The prevalence of interstitial lung disease induced by treatment with EGFR-TKIs has been shown to be quite high in the Japanese population. Clinical trials of cetuximab against non-small cell lung cancer and of bevacizumab against stomach cancer have shown that these agents are only active in Caucasians. In a trial examining the use of sorafenib after transarterial chemoembolization in Korean and Japanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, the compliance and dose intensity of the drug were quite low compared with other trials. Although not only identified pharmacogenomics differences but also differences in social environment, and regional medical care, including pharmacoeconomics strongly influence ethnic differences in treatment response, further identification and understanding of the pharmacogenomics underlying ethnic differences will be essential to timely and reliable global development of new anticancer drugs.     

Low-dose Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition of EGFR Mutation-positive Lung Cancer: Therapeutic Benefits and Associations Between Dosage,Efficacy and Body Surface Area

A key drug for treatment of EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer is epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). While the dosage of many general anti-tumor drugs is adjusted according to the patient body surface area, one uniform dose of most TKIs is recommended regardless of body size. In many cases, dose reduction or drug cessation is necessary due to adverse effects. Disease control, however, is frequently still effective, even after dose reduction. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the characteristics of 26 patients at Fukuoka University Hospital between January 2004 and January 2015 in whom the EGFR-TKI dose was reduced with respect to progression free survival and overall survival. There were 10 and 16 patients in the gefitinib group and the erlotinib group, respectively. The median progression-free survival in the gefitinib group and the erlotinib group was 22.4 months and 14.1 months, respectively, and the median overall survival was 30.5 months and 32.4 months, respectively. After stratification of patients by body surface area, the overall median progression-free survival was significantly more prolonged in the low body surface area (<1.45 m2) group (25.6 months) compared to the high body surface area (>1.45 m2) group (9.7 months) (p=0.0131). These results indicate that low-dose EGFR-TKI may sufficiently control disease without side effects in lung cancer patients with a small body size.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂用于非小细胞肺癌术后辅助治疗的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKI）在晚期EGFR突变阳性的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者中的疗效肯定,但EGFR-TKI能否提高完全切除的NSCLC术后辅助治疗疗效不确切。部分研究发现在可切除的Ⅰ~Ⅲ期EGFR敏感突变肺腺癌患者中,辅助TKI治疗有使无疾病生存（disease free survival,DFS）获益的趋势,另一部分临床研究未能证实EGFR-TKI在术后辅助治疗有获益。造成各研究结果不一的原因很多,如人群选择、EGFR-TKI使用时长、耐药等。国内外目前一些设计比较合理的,对比EGFR-TKI化疗辅助治疗Ⅱ~ⅢA期EGFR敏感突变的NSCLC临床研究正在进行,值得期待。目前,早期NSCLC术后TKI辅助治疗仅限于临床试验,不建议作为临床常规治疗。     

EGFR-TKI治疗EGFR敏感突变的晚期肺鳞癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, EGFR-TKI）治疗EGFR敏感突变的晚期肺鳞癌患者的疗效。方法 收集20例四川大学华西医院经病理确诊、EGFR检测敏感突变、并接受EGFR-TKI治疗的Ⅳ期或术后复发转移肺鳞癌患者,分析其与EGFR-TKI的疗效关系。结果 20例EGFR敏感突变的晚期鳞癌患者接受EGFR-TKI治疗,随访资料完整。10例19-del（+）,8例L858R（+）,1例同时存在外显子21（L858R）点突变和外显子20（T790M）突变,1例外显子18（G719X）突变。其中部分缓解（PR）9例,疾病稳定（SD）7例,疾病进展（PD）4例。客观缓解率（ORR）45%,疾病控制率80%,中位无进展生存期（mPFS）为5.0月,中位生存期（mOS）为14.7月。结论 EGFR-TKI对部分EGFR敏感突变的鳞癌患者有一定疗效。在临床工作中,应重视这部分患者的EGFR基因检测,以便明确获益的患者。     

EGFR-TKI获得性耐药晚期肺腺癌的临床特点分析

目的探讨携带表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)敏感基因突变的晚期肺腺癌患者经过一线EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)治疗出现获得性耐药的临床特点。方法收集2011年1月至2015年12月携带EGFR敏感基因突变的193例患者,其中一线给予吉非替尼或埃克替尼治疗120例,分析EGFR-TKI治疗过程中疗效及EGFR突变类型与出现获得性耐药时临床进展特点的关系。结果一线行EGFR-TKI治疗的120例患者中无1例获完全缓解,获部分缓解(PR)80例(66.7%),中位无进展生存时间(PFS)为12.1个月;获稳定(SD)36例(30.0%),中位PFS为6.1个月,两者PFS的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。获PR和SD的116例患者中,EGFR 19号外显子缺失64例(55.2%),中位PFS为11.0个月;21号外显子L858R点突变52例(44.8%),中位PFS为8.6个月,两者PFS的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。出现获得性耐药时50例(43.1%)仅有原发病灶进展,66例(56.9%)出现了新的转移病灶。出现获得性耐药时肺部病灶进展最多(37.9%),其次是颅内转移(26.7%)。疗效评价为PR和SD及EGFR外显子19缺失和L858R突变的患者出现获得性耐药与转移部位无关,与新发或原发病灶亦无关(P>0.05)。结论携带EGFR敏感基因突变患者经EGFR-TKI治疗后出现获得性耐药的患者,肺部病灶进展最多,其次是颅内转移。转移部位与治疗疗效及EGFR突变基因型无明显关系。     

瑞香狼毒提取液逆转EGFR-TKI耐药肺腺癌H1975细胞的作用及其机制

目的:探讨瑞香狼毒(stellera chamaejasme L,SCL)乙醇提取液逆转表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKI)耐药肺腺癌H1975细胞的作用及其机制.方法:用MTT法检测SCL、吉非替尼(gefitinib)及两药联用对H1975细胞的抑制率,细胞划痕实验检测药物对H1975细胞迁移的影响,流式细胞术测定药物对细胞凋亡的影响,Western blotting检测不同药物处理后各组肿瘤细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2及细胞通路关键分子p-EGFR的表达.观察SCL联用gefitinib后裸鼠移植瘤的体积和总生存期(OS),ELISA检测荷瘤裸鼠血清中Bcl-2、p-EGFR含量.结果:SCL对H1975细胞IC50为(21.35±2.11)mg/ml,gefitinib的IC50为(11.21±1.68) μmol/L.SCL联用gefitinib后H1975细胞抑制率明显高于gefitinib(1 μmol/L)和SCL(5 mg/ml)两组单独应用[(49.78±7.09)％ vs (8.45±2.57％)、(12.88±3.64)％,均P＜0.01],两药联用H1975细胞迁移指数明显低于gefitinib和SCL两组单独应用[(22.4±6.5)％ vs (70.3±4.9)％、(67.1±10.5),均P＜0.01],流式细胞仪检测显示两药联用细胞凋亡率明显高于两者单用[(51.68±6.56)％ vs(9.88±2.71)％、(9.48±2.45)％,均P＜0.01],Western blotting检测H1975细胞凋亡相关蛋白发现,联用组可明显降低Bcl-2和p-EGFR的表达(P＜0.01).抑制移植瘤实验显示,联用药组荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长缓慢,OS明显延长(P＜0.01).结论:SCL可逆转肺腺癌H1975细胞对EGFR-TKI的耐药,其机制可能与降低EGFR的磷酸化、下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达有关,从而为EGFR-TKI耐药肺腺癌治疗提供了新思路.