青海省城乡居民膳食结构状况变化研究

目的 研究青海省居民膳食结构变化情况，并提出有效改善措施和建议。方法 采用描述性研究方法，用SPSS软件对收集的数据进行汇总。结果 城镇居民除粮食和蔬菜摄入量呈下降趋势外，其他食物的摄入量均有不同程度的增长；农牧民的粮食摄入量呈增长趋势，但蔬菜和肉类摄入量下降。结论 全省居民的蔬菜摄入量不足，农牧民应加大肉、蛋类的摄入量，城镇居民的膳食结构趋向合理，农牧民的膳食结构仍不合理。     

Sodium periodate-induced suppressor cell function in short and long-term calorie restriction

To study the effect of calorie restriction on the suppressor function of sodium periodate-treated spleen cells, C57BL/6 mice were distributed one week after weaning into two groups. The control normal group (N) was fed ad libitum a normal diet and the calorie restricted group (R) received on a daily basis 60% of the average food intake of the N group for 3 to 10 weeks. Following in vivo primary immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) i.p., the number of nucleated spleen cells and of plaque forming cells (PFC) per spleen was significantly diminished in the R mice but the proportion of PFC per 10⁷ spleen cells was similar in either group. Pretreatment with sodium periodate induced significant suppression of the PFC response of N spleen cells to in vitro stimulation with SRBC but did not depress significantly the PFC response of spleen cells from mice kept on the restricted diet for either 3 or 10 weeks. Addition of 2×10⁶ periodate-treated N spleen cells to cultures of 10⁷ fresh spleen cells from normally fed mice, markedly suppressed the PFC response in all the experiments, whereas addition of similar number of periodate-treated R spleen cells caused less suppression of the PFC response. The results demonstrate that periodate-induced suppressor cell activity is impaired in short or long-term calorie restriction.     

Suboptimal intake of magnesium in rats. Effects during growth and gestation

To investigate the interaction of magnesium depletion and source of protein and the effect of this interaction on growth, female weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets based on 20% casein or 20% soy protein isolate which contained eithe adequate (800 mg/kg) or suboptimal (200 mg/kg) levels of magnesium. The initial suboptimal level of approximately 100 mg/kg magnesium was increased to approximately 200 mg/kg magnesium on day 6 of the study. The nutritional stress of rapid growth resulted in clinical signs of deficiency including audiogenic seizures in the animals fed the casein diet which was low in magnesium. Some clinical manifestations of deficiency persisted through almost all of the 6-week growth period. The lower nutritional quality of soy protein isolate and/or the components of soy which depress mineral bioavailability resulted in a higher rate of alopecia and skin sores in the rats fed the soy low magnesium diet than in those fed the casein low magnesium one. Growth retardation in the magnesium deficient animals occurred during the post-weaning growth phase. Gestational weight gain was also depressed by low magnesium intake to a greater extent than has been previously reported in response to a mild magnesium restriction. Because of recent reports of suboptimal intakes of magnesium by humans, further research of combined effects of subacute magnesium deficiency and utilization of foods containing soy protein is needed.     

Étude chez le rat des variations du débit individuel de filtration glomérulaire des néphrons superficiels et profonds en fonction de l'apport sodé

Résumé La distribution intrarénale des débits de filtration glomérulaire par néphron (fg) est étudiée en fonction de l'apport sodé chez trois groupes de rats: normaux, carencés en sodium et surchargés en sodium. Les fg ont été déterminées soit indirectement par la méthode de Hanssen soit grâce à une modification de cette méthode qui procure directement les valeurs absolues [23].Chez les rats normaux, la fg est égale à 27,9 nl/min pour les néphrons superficiels et à 38,5 nl/min pour les néphrons juxtamédullaires. Il n'existe pas de différence décelable entre les fg de nos rats sans sel et celles de nos rats normaux. Chez les rats surchargés en sel, les fg des néphrons superficiels et juxtamédullaires passent respectivement à 52,4 nl/min et à 52,7 nl/min.Au cours de nos surcharges sodées l'augmentation de filtration glomérulaire du rein résulte donc d'une augmentation de la fg de tous les néphrons. Celle-ci est cependant nettement plus marquée pour les néphrons superficiels et le rapport fg néphrons superficiels/fg néphrons juxtamédullaires qui est de 0,7 environ chez les rats normaux et sans sel, atteint 1,0 au cours de nos surcharges sodées. Ainsi dans cette dernière condition physiologique l'hétérogénéité fonctionnelle des néphrons disparaît. La variation des fg est discutée en fonction de ce que l'on sait de la variation de la distribution intrarénale de la rénine sous l'influence de l'apport sodé.

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Variations in glomerular filtration rate of single superficial and deep nephrons under various conditions of sodium intake in the rat

Summary The intrarenal distribution of single glomerular filtration rates (SGFR) was studied in rats previously fed a normal or a low sodium diet during antidiuresis, or in rats previously fed a high sodium diet during hypertonic saline diuresis. SGFR were determined either indirectly by Hanssen's technique, or directly by means of a modification of this technique which gives absolute values [23].In the normal rats, the mean value of SGFR of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons was equal to 27.9 nl/min and 38.5 nl/min, respectively. There was no appreciable difference between SGFR in our normal and salt-deprived rats. In the salt-loaded rats, the mean value of SGFR of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons reached 52.4 nl/min and 52.7 nl/min, respectively.Therefore, the increase of the GFR of the whole kidney during salt loading was due to an increase of SGFR of all the nephrons. However, the increase of SGFR was more important for the superficial ones and the ratio SGFR superficial nephrons/SGFR juxtamedullary nephrons which was 0.7 in the normal rats reached 1.0 in the salt-loaded rats, indicating that there was no more functional heterogeneity of nephrons during our salt loadings. The variation of SGFR is discussed in relation to the sodium dependent variation of the intrarenal distribution of renin observed by many authors.

Ce travail a été, en partie, présenté au 4ème Congrès International de Néphrologie, Stockholm 1969.     

Dietary obesity in adult rats: Similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes

Normal adult female rats fed a variety of supermarket foods in addition to lab chow rapidly gained weight and became obese compared to rats fed only lab chow. Group housing the animals in an enriched environment did not alter the development of dietary obesity, but housing the rats in activity wheels reduced, although did not prevent, the obesity. The dietary obese rats did not normally defend their excessive weights since they were less willing to eat quinine diets, worked less for food, failed to increase their activity when deprived, and regained their weight at a slower rate following a fast than did controls. The similarity between this behavioral pattern and that displayed by hypothalamic obese rats and overweight humans is discussed.     

A Case-Control Study of Single and Multiple Stomach Cancers in Saitama Prefecture, Japan

A case-control study of stomach cancer was done in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, in relation to dietary, smoking, and drinking habits. The study was based on two sets of cases (216 male single and 35 male multiple stomach cancer cases newly diagnosed and of adenocarcinoma type), and 483 male controls derived from residents of Saitama Prefecture. Dietary habits were investigated for the intake of 12 separate foods and 12 food groups by means of a food frequency questionnaire, including individual taste preferences. Among the single stomach cancer series, dose-response relationships were observed for 7 dietary items (preference for salty foods, miso soup, boiled fish, pickled vegetables, nuts, raw vegetables, and seaweed) in the multiple logistic regession analysis. As for the multiple stomach cancer case series, dose-response relationships were observed for 3 dietary items (miso soup, fruits, and seaweed) in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Cigarette smoking and alcohol use were not significantly related to the risk of either single or multiple stomach cancer.     

Effects of dietary tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan on aggression in mice

Dietary amino acid regimens designed to enhance catecholaminergic and serotonergic functioning were found to differentially affect territorial-induced attacks in mice. Male albino mice were maintained on a semi-synthetic 12% casein protein diet for 2 weeks, then switched to diets modified by the addition of a 4% L-amino acid supplement, or 4% casein (control). Measures of aggressive behavior and open-field locomotor activity were obtained before and after the dietary supplements were administered. Resident mice fed supplements of L-tyrosine displayed a marked increase in the number of attacks on intruders and shorter attack latencies, but their locomotor activity was unaffected. L-phenylalanine supplements alone or in combination with L-tyrosine reduced the latency to attack and increased motility but did not affect the number of attacks. As a whole, the group of animals fed L-tryptophan showed no changes in aggression or motility.     

Selecting patients for token economy treatment

The effect that age and length of stay in a mental hospital have on the projected economic benefits of securing patients' release was investigated. Securing the early release of younger patients and of patients who have been hospitalized for long periods produces the greater economic benefits. The estimated benefits of patient release by age length of hospitalization are presented.     

Plasmatic homocysteine response to vitamin supplementation in elderly people

Homocysteine (Hcy) increase is now widely accepted as a risk factor for vascular disease. The effects of folic acid (FA) and vitamins B₁₂ and B₆ in lowering Hcy have been extensively studied, but there is still little data on the response to FA dietary administration. Our purpose was to evaluate the impact of the diet and the degree of response to different doses of pharmacological FA supplementation. In a prospective, randomized, and simple blind study, 50 elderly subjects were given a 400-μg/day FA diet and were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: Group I=placebo tablet; Group II=tablet containing 1-mg folic acid, 1-mg B₁₂, and 25-mg B₆; and Group III=tablet containing 2.5-mg folic acid and same B₆ and B₁₂ doses as Group II. Forty-four subjects completed the study, and their plasmas were evaluated. Hcy concentration significantly decreased even in patients with normal basal values, and there were no differences in the response between individuals receiving diet plus placebo and those receiving diet plus pharmacological supplementation. After the treatment, the mean decrease of plasmatic Hcy levels was 10.8 (9.4, 12.5) μmol/l, geometric mean [95% confidence interval (95% CI)], and particularly, the values for Group I were 10.6 (7.4, 14.8) μmol/l. In 31% of the subjects, the post-treatment Hcy levels were ≤5 μmol/l. These results show that a special diet, with or without pharmacological FA and B₁₂ and B₆ supplementation, significantly decreases the Hcy levels in elderly people. Therefore, a diet with high contents of FA might have an enormous impact on the morbidity and mortality of atherothrombosis.     

知识分子饮食行为调查和影响因素分析

目的调查知识分子的饮食行为,分析知识分子的一些特征对饮食行为的影响,为有针对性地对其进行饮食行为教育提供科学依据.方法采用问卷对随机抽取的240名知识分子进行饮食行为调查,利用多元线性回归分析营养知识和营养行为的影响因素.结果女性偏瘦者的饮食行为最差,营养知识和营养行为的得分分别为79.54分和72.93分,男性偏胖者的饮食行为最差,得分为72.89分和64.08分;年龄、性别、婚姻状况都影响知识分子的营养知识和行为,其中性别的影响最大（标准化偏回归系数分别为1.9532和2.5849）.结论知识分子的营养知识尚可,营养行为有待提高,应该针对各自的不同特征进行宣教,以便提高身体健康.