Herpesviruses in HIV-periodontitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Human herpesvirus-associated diseases exhibit elevated morbidity and mortality in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of herpesviruses in HIV-periodontitis. METHOD: Gingival biopsies from periodontitis lesions of 21 HIV-patients and 14 non HIV-patients were studied. Nested-polymerase chain reaction methods were employed to detect human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus type 1 and 2 (EBV-1, EBV-2), herpes simplex virus, human herpes virus (HHV)-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8. RESULTS: Gingival biopsies from HIV-periodontitis lesions showed on average 4.0 herpesvirus species and gingival biopsies from HIV periodontitis lesions of non-HIV patients revealed an average of 1.9 herpesvirus species (p<0.001). Occurrence of 4 to 6 different herpesviruses was more common in HIV- than in non HIV-gingival biopsies (71% vs. 7%) (p<0.001). EVB-2 was detected in 12 (57%) biopsies from HIV-periodontitis but was absent in non HIV-periodontitis biopsies (p= 0.002). HHV-6 also occurred in significantly higher frequency in HIV-periodontitis (71%) than in non HIV-periodontitis (21%) (p=0.01). HHV-8 was detected only in biopsies from HIV-periodontitis lesions.. CONCLUSION: HIV-periodontitis seems to be associated with elevated occurrence of EBV-2, HHV-6 and herpesvirus co-infections compared to periodontitis in non-HIV-patients. The periodontopathic significance of herpesviruses in HIV-periodontitis constitutes a research topic of considerable interest.     

Clinical benefits of oral irrigation for periodontitis are related to reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and plaque

BACKGROUND: Although a growing body of evidence indicates that oral irrigation with water has therapeutic benefits in periodontitis, the mechanisms of action have not been elucidated. The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze the effects of oral irrigation (Water Pik Oral Irrigator) on the clinical signs of adult periodontitis (AP) and on the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-beta), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in GCF, and (2) to analyze the influence of the periodontitis-related IL-1 genotype (IL-1GT) on these variables. METHOD: A single-center, blinded study in otherwise healthy humans (n= 52) with localized mild to moderate AP was carried out, using the following groups: group A (n= 12), no oral hygiene for 14 days; group B (n=20), routine oral hygiene (ROH) for 14 days; group C (n=20), supra-gingival oral irrigation plus ROH for 14 days. Group A patients were crossed-over to group C for 14 days (=day 28) after a professional prophylaxis. Group assignment was randomized by a coin toss, with the exception of group A subjects, who were self-selected as per recommendations of the internal review board for human subjects. GCF was sampled from 3 study teeth per patient and analyzed for IL-1 beta, PGE2, IL-10 and IFN gamma by ELISA on days 0, 7, 14 and 28. Probing pocket depths (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were measured by a calibrated examiner (TWS) on days 0, 14 and 28. Analysis of covariance was performed using SAS 6.12 and Proc Mixed with group and IL-1GT as the factors and the baseline levels as the covariate, with output being least squares means and least significant difference (LSD). Significant differences were declared if the p-value for the F-statistic was < or =0.05. RESULTS: Oral irrigation plus ROH resulted in a significant reduction in PPD, BOP, GI and PI, as well as IL-beta levels by 7 days and PGE2 levels by 14 days, relative to ROH or no oral hygiene. Interestingly, decreased IL-1 beta levels in patients using oral irrigation plus ROH was accompanied by a trend for increased levels of the "anti-inflammatory" cytokine IL-10. ROH reduced GI, BOP and PI, and PGE2 levels by 14 days, but had no effect on IL-1 beta or IL-10 levels relative to no oral hygiene. The effects of no oral hygiene were reversed by a prophy followed by oral irrigation plus ROH for 14 days. No clinical differences were evident between IL-1 GT (+) patients (n= 1) and GT (-) patients (n=40), but the former had significantly elevated levels of GCF IL-10 and borderline increases in IL-1 beta (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Oral irrigation with water for 14 days had an improved therapeutic benefit for AP over that of routine oral hygiene alone and this improvement was accompanied by a down-modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in GCF.     

白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂基因型与糖尿患者群中牙周炎的关系

目的:探讨白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂(interleukin-1 receptor antagonist,IL-1ra)基因型与2型糖尿患者群中牙周炎(periodontitis of diabetes mellitus,DMP)易感性的关系。方法:收集2型糖尿病患者186例,分为糖尿病伴牙周炎组108名和糖尿病不伴牙周炎组78名,取血提取DNA,采用序列特异引物多聚酶链反应(sequence specific primers polymerase chain reaction,SSP-PCR)法测定IL-1RN内含子2/VNTR位点的基因型,比较各基因型检出率的差别。结果:IL-1RN内含子2/VNTR等位基因A2在2型糖尿病伴牙周炎组的检出率显著高于2型糖尿病不伴牙周炎组,分布差异有显著性(χ2=3.579,P=0.040)。结论:在2型糖尿病患者中,IL-1RN内含子2/VNTR等位基因A2可能与牙周炎的遗传易感性相关。     

X连锁无汗性外胚叶发育不全家系ED1基因的突变检测

目的探讨国内X连锁无汗性外胚叶发育不全家系中ED1基因的突变情况，为该病的遗传咨询、产前诊断、确诊携带者提供依据。方法收集2个X连锁无汗性外胚叶发育不全家系及1个散发患者的外周血样本，盐析法提取基因组DNA，采用聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction，PCR）和直接测序对ED1基因进行突变检测。结果家系一患者ED1基因第9外显子发生错义突变（1045G〉A），家系二和散发患者ED1基因第3外显子发生错义突变，分别为467G〉A和466C〉T。结论ED1基因的错义突变可导致X连锁无汗性外胚叶发育不全。这3个突变与国外学者的报道一致。     

A comparative study of sialic acid-rich proteins in rat bone and dentin

Four sialic acid-rich (SA-rich) proteins found in bone and dentin, osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75), and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), share some common features. We used SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblots to analyze and compare SA-rich proteins in bone and dentin extracts from rats with a single chromatographic procedure. OPN was detected in dentin extracts, with a relative level less than one-seventieth of that in bone. Both bone and dentin BSP demonstrated an extremely broad distribution pattern, probably due to a high degree of heterogeneity in post-translational modifications. BAG-75 in both bone and dentin was detected as an 83 kDa band, dramatically distinct from that of DMPI. Using a polyclonal antibody raised against a purified bone 57 kDa protein (a portion of DMPI), we detected 150 kDa protein bands in bone fraction; the same bands were recognized by antirecombinant rat DMPI antibody. Bands from dentin migrating at about 150 kDa in earlier fractions and progressing to 200 kDa in later fractions showed a clear immunoreactivity to the anti-57 kDa antibody. We conclude that the majority of DMPI in rat bone is processed into fragments, whereas that in dentin remains intact.     

Differential in situ distribution of interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and Rantes in human chronic periapical granuloma

In situ distribution of three prototype chemokines interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and Rantes was determined in chronic human periapical granulomas by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies. IL-8 was found primarily in the cytoplasm of the Malassez epithelial cells. MCP-1 immunoreactivity was confined to the endothelial cells that lined small venules. Each of the three investigated chemokines, including Rantes, exhibited a characteristic binding pattern to the extracellular matrix of the lesion. The observed chemokines may play a role in establishing the cellular composition of chronic apical periodontitis, thus augmenting the intensity of local inflammation and tissue damage.     

维生素D3衍生物对人成骨细胞生长和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

目的：使用人胎成骨细胞（ＯＢ）为体外模型，观察了１，２５－双羟维生素Ｄ３〔１，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３〕、２４，２５－双羟维生素Ｄ３［２４，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３）］对ＯＢ生长和代谢的影响。方法：用ＡＬＰ测定法和Ｂｒａｄｆｏｒｄ蛋白含量法。结果：１，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３在浓度为１０８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，刺激碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）的活性。但抑制ＯＢ的生长。２４，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３在１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时无上述作用。结论：１，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３对ＯＢ的ＡＬＰ有直接的促活作用，其作用与时间相关。２４，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３对ＯＢ的ＡＬＰ活性无关。１，２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３对人胎ＯＢ生长有抑制作用。