Validation of micro-CT against the section method regarding the assessment of marginal leakage of sealants

Background: The aim of this study was to validate the micro‐CT and related software against the section method using the stereomicroscope for marginal leakage assessment along the sealant‐enamel interface. Methods: Pits and fissures of the occlusal surface of 10 teeth were sealed with a resin‐fissure sealant material without acid etching, thermocycled for 5000 cycles, immersed in 50% silver nitrate for three hours and scanned using micro‐CT. Teeth were embedded in epoxy resin and cut in three sections. The middle section was subjected to micro‐CT and stereomicroscopy. Images were taken from the left and right sides of the sealant‐enamel interface at both the left and the right site of the section. Two experienced evaluators assessed marginal leakage. Results: Both assessment instruments observed no leakage in 37 out of the 40 images evaluated. Leakage at the sealant‐enamel interface was observed in three stereomicroscopy images only. A fracture line in the sealant was seen on eight stereomicroscopy images and observed in only two micro‐CT images. Conclusions: The quality of the micro‐CT and related software used in the present study does not qualify it to replace the section method as the gold standard for marginal leakage assessment at the sealant‐enamel interface of permanent teeth.     

4-甲磺酰基苯乙酸的合成工艺研究

目的对4-甲磺酰基苯乙酸的合成工艺进行改进,使其更利于工业化生产。方法以4-甲磺酰基苯乙酮为起始原料,在硅胶固载氟硼酸(HBF4·Si O2)的催化下,合成2-(4-(甲磺酰基)苯基)-1-吗啉代乙硫醇,再经水解得到4-甲磺酰基苯乙酸。结果制得的4-甲磺酰基苯乙酸质量分数为99.8%,总收率约75%。结论改进后的工艺原料便宜易得,反应温度低,时间短,操作简单,更适用于4-甲磺酰基苯乙酸工业化生产。     

白色洗剂《中国药典》2015年版微生物检查的方法适用性研究

目的：建立符合《中国药典》2015年版要求的白色洗剂的微生物检查方法。方法：按照该版药典要求,采用离心沉淀联合薄膜过滤法进行样品前处理,使用5种菌株对白色洗剂进行微生物计数检查和限度菌检查,作为方法适用性验证研究。结果：3个批次的微生物计数检查的5种验证菌株的回收比值均在0.5~2,微生物限度检查的验证菌金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌均能够检出。结论：白色洗剂的微生物检查方法经验证符合《中国药典》2015年版要求。     

延胡索乙素醇质体的制备及其离体皮肤渗透特性研究

目的制备延胡索乙素(dl-THP)醇质体(ETS),并初步阐明制剂的经皮吸收特性。方法采用乙醇注入-pH梯度主动载药法制备dl-THP ETS,并对其形态、粒径、弹性与包封率等理化性质进行表征;以脂质体(LPS)与酊剂作为参比,采用Franz扩散池考察制剂的离体皮肤渗透特性。结果按优选处方[dl-THP 100 mg,维生素E 1.3 mg,大豆卵磷脂1 200mg,胆固醇120 mg,无水乙醇9 mL,柠檬酸缓冲液(pH 3.0)21 mL,0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液适量(调pH值至5.5)]制得的dl-THP ETS弹性指数为(20.1±1.1)mL,平均粒径为(85.8±0.9)nm,多分散指数为0.082±0.003,包封率为(81.7±3.2)%。dl-THP ETS 24 h的单位面积皮肤累积渗透药物量(Qn)为(2 306.4±592.3)μg/cm~2,与参比制剂LPS[(2 434.2±564.4)μg/cm~2]无显著差异,但约为酊剂[(633.1±218.0)μg/cm~2]的4倍(P0.05);ETS与LPS各时间点样品间的Qn RSD的平均值分别为(28.4±10.9)%、(62.8±44.1)%(P0.05),表明前者样品间的Qn波动比后者小;ETS与LPS的24 h渗透曲线线性拟合的相关系数平均值分别为0.968±0.033与0.882±0.078(P0.05),表明前者渗透过程更符合零级动力学。结论所得的dl-THP ETS弹性高,粒径大小适宜,包封率高,药物经皮渗透速率高且稳定,并符合零级动力学。     

多指标-响应曲面法优选酒炖熟地黄最佳炮制工艺

目的基于响应曲面技术,应用HPLC法定量测定,从多指标、综合评价的角度建立酒炖熟地黄的最佳炮制工艺。方法采用HPLC定量分析,以地黄苷D、益母草苷、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)和毛蕊花糖苷为评价指标,采用响应曲面设计法考察地黄浸润时间、加黄酒量、炖制时间、干燥温度、干燥时间对酒炖熟地黄炮制工艺的影响,寻找出最佳炮制工艺。结果色谱柱为Tnature-C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),体积流量为1 mL/min,柱温为25℃。地黄苷D和益母草苷定量测定:流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(4∶96),检测波长为203 nm;5-HMF和毛蕊花糖苷定量测定:流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱:0～15 min,11%乙腈;15～15.1 min,11%～16%乙腈;15.1～50 min,16%乙腈;检测波长为334 nm。酒炖熟地黄的最佳工艺为100 kg生地加入黄酒60 kg,浸润12 h,密闭炖制38 h,在76℃干燥33 h。结论所建立的HPLC法稳定可行,适合所选成分的测定。采用响应面法建立的模型相对准确,可以较好地预测4种成分含量;优选的酒炖熟地黄炮制工艺方法可行,为制定熟地黄的质量标准和现代研究提供了科学依据。     

不同产地甘草水提液和醇提液指纹图谱研究

目的建立不同产地甘草水提液和醇提液的HPLC指纹图谱,以期为不同产地甘草品控及甘草提取加工方法提供借鉴。方法采用HPLC法建立10批不同产地甘草药材的水提液和醇提液的指纹图谱,并对所获得的指纹图谱数据进行相似度评价和层次聚类分析。结果建立了甘草水提液和醇提液的指纹图谱,其中水提液指纹图谱确定了16个共有峰,并指认出6种成分,10批甘草的相似度在0.030～0.999,醇提液指纹图谱确定了60个共有峰,并指认出7种成分,10批甘草的相似度均大于0.85。层次聚类分析结果显示能够很好地将不同地区的甘草水提液和醇提液予以分类,提示产地气候环境、土壤条件等自然因素对甘草的内在品质产生较为显著的影响。结论建立了稳定可靠的甘草水提液和醇提液HPLC指纹图谱评价方法,为甘草质量标准研究及提取加工工艺的优化提供有力的理论依据和指导,为临床用药方法的选择提供科学依据。     

基于Box-Behnken及PCA-G1-熵权法优选青香乳康颗粒中挥发油的提取及包合工艺

目的优选青香乳康颗粒中挥发油的提取及包合工艺。方法运用Box-Behnken优化青香乳康颗粒中挥发油的提取工艺,基于PCA-G1-熵权法和L9(34)正交设计,采用胶体磨法,以芳香水中油水比、油β-环糊精比和研磨时间为考察因素,以包合率以及包合物的收得率为评价指标,优选挥发油的最佳包合工艺。结果挥发油的最佳提取工艺为浸泡0 h,加水量为10倍,提取6 h。挥发油的最佳包合工艺为芳香水中油水比1∶80,每毫升挥发油中加入6 gβ-环糊精,研磨30 min。在此条件下,分别进行3批验证试验,试验数据组间无明显差异。结论优选的挥发油提取及包合工艺稳定可行,为大生产提供实验依据。     

基于正交试验设计与BP神经网络优化益气活血方水提工艺研究

目的优化筛选益气活血方的水提工艺参数。方法在单因素实验基础上,采用正交试验设计,以加水量、提取时间、浸泡时间为考察因素,丹酚酸B和羟基红花黄色素A的转移率及浸膏得率为评价指标,采用G1-熵权法赋权得到综合评分。通过正交试验设计进行分析得到最佳水提工艺,再通过BP神经网络建模进行网络模型优化和目标寻优。验证试验对比2种分析方法,寻找益气活血方的最佳水提工艺参数。结果基于2种分析方法对比发现,正交试验分析得到最佳水提工艺的综合评分略高于BP神经网络建模结果,故最终确定该益气活血方最佳水提工艺参数为水提3次、浸泡0.5h、加水量20倍、提取时间3.5 h。结论优选出的益气活血方水提最佳工艺稳定可行,为复方中药的新药开发和现代化研究提供了新的思路和参考。     

生物黏附性三七总皂苷-白及多糖-海藻酸钠复合微球的制备及表征

目的利用白及多糖(BSP)的生物黏附性,与海藻酸钠(SA)混合作为复合载体,以具有缓释特性的三七总皂苷(PNS)分散体作为包封药物,制备具有生物黏附性的PNS-BSP-SA复合微球。方法采用离子交联法制备微球,通过单因素试验和正交设计考察并优化处方工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、粒径分布、差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析、溶胀性能测定、体外黏附性能评价、体外释放研究对微球进行表征。结果 PNS-BSP-SA复合微球圆整度较好,表面粗糙不平有褶皱,粒径分布较窄,PNS原料药以无定形状态均匀分散于微球中。最佳处方工艺制备的微球工艺稳定,重现性较好,与直接加入PNS原料药制备的微球相比,PNS分散体微球的载药量、包封率和得率均明显增加,分别为10.34%、51.25%、82.21%,而PNS原料药微球的载药量、包封率、得率分别为4.04%、12.16%、61.35%。BSP的加入增加了SA微球的溶胀性能,明显增加了其在大鼠胃部的滞留率。PNS-BSP-SA复合微球中人参皂苷Rg1的释放较PNS原料药缓慢。结论 BSP增加了微球的生物黏附性,将PNS制备为分散体,提高了微球的载药量、包封率和得率,并使微球具有一定的缓释性能。     

Caregivers of people with disorders of consciousness: Relationship continuity and rupture

ObjectivesThis study seeks to better understand caregivers’ experience of the support their loved ones, with disorders of consciousness, receive in a dedicated unit.MethodsThe focus here is on the qualitative component of a larger study that also includes a quantitative component. An inductive and iterative approach was privileged, i.e., one similar to grounded theory; a thematic analysis was used to analyze 20 comprehensive semi-structured interviews.ResultsThree main themes emerged: the discovery of a new world by a patient's loved ones, i.e., the disorders of consciousness; the psychological and somatic impact on loved ones; and the relationships between family caregivers and professionals of the dedicated unit.DiscussionThe new living situation of people in an disorders of consciousness state of consciousness requires caregivers to engage in an intense psychological process. First, this is necessary to understand the situation and its consequences. Second, it allows them to cope with the reorganization of the emotional and relational ties between the patient and the caregiver, and in the entire family dynamic. Lastly, healthcare professionals consider that caregivers are also the witnesses of the patient's past life, capable of linking the past and present, and often the interpreters of patients’ emotional reactions according to their former personality.ConclusionCaregivers are affected by the frailty and somatic dependence of their loved ones, and they also bear the history and psychological continuity of patients. Professionals must take into account this double burden, which helps explain families’ psychological exhaustion and their need for help. Understanding these phenomena is crucial for improving patient care in dedicated units.