欧盟植物药的技术性贸易壁垒对中药出口的影响

目的:研究欧盟植物药在2004/24/EC指令指导下的技术性贸易壁垒,为我国中药成功出口欧盟提供一些思路。方法:从简化注册申请条件的限制、技术标准与认证制度、欧盟注册申报资料等角度探讨中药申请欧盟注册所面临的技术性贸易壁垒,并提出一些相应的对策。结果与结论:首先,加强政府间的沟通合作;其次,建立与国际接轨的中药标准;再次,加强跨国经营,寻找合作伙伴;最后,健全信息咨询机构,充分掌握技术性壁垒信息。     

针灸易化技术对脑卒中患者上肢瘫及ADL的影响

目的探讨针灸配合易化技术在偏瘫上肢康复训练中的疗效。方法80例脑卒中患者被随机分成针灸配合易化技术组（治疗组）40例和常规康复组（时照组）40例。采用Fugl-Meyer（FMA）积分评测患者的上肢运动功能．Barthel（BI）指数评测日常生活能力（ADL）。结果治疗后，2组FMA积分、B1积分都有提高，但治疗组的改善情况优于对照组；2组FMA、BI积分改善的差值比较P〈0.01。结论针灸配合易化技术在脑卒中患者康复训练中，对偏瘫上肢运动功能及日常生活能力方面（尤其是偏瘫上肢运动功能方面）疗效好.     

Psychodynamic sources of resistance among student nurses: some observations in a human relations context

Psychodynamic sources of resistance among student nurses: some observations in a human relations context The nurse-patient relationship is considered to be a crucial part of the daily routine for many nurses; however, little evidence is available regarding how student nurses cope with learning human skills. Few researchers have considered how students engage with or resist the learning process. The aim of this study is to examine interpersonal matters and explore psychodynamic sources of resistance encountered among student nurses in an interpersonal skills context. A qualitative approach was adopted with a focus on individual case studies, using the in-depth interview as the major mode of data collection combined with observation. The four types of student that emerged from the data are emphasized, ranging from type 1 who were extremely reluctant to self-disclose, to type 4 who were more confident and free-flowing. The major characteristics pertaining to each type of student are outlined. While some characteristics seem to be related to childhood struggles and years of over-adaptation, others relate to factors that influence the learning climate. Particular attention is given to the psychological understanding of their predicament, including accounts of childhood and self-image. The implications for nurse education and limitations of this study are also considered.     

Interactions between alcohol and caffeine in relation to psychomotor speed and accuracy

Unlike other CNS depressants, alcohol intoxication can be associated with increased error rates, coupled with unaffected (or speeded) response rates during psychomotor and cognitive processing. The present study examined whether concurrent consumption of caffeine may differentially affect these aspects of alcohol and performance.A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was utilised in which 64 healthy young volunteers received either 0.66 g/kg alcohol, caffeine (110-120 mg), both or neither. Performance was assessed using a four choice reaction time task (FCRT) with elements of repetitive (predictable) and random stimuli sequences and the digit symbol substitution task (DSST). Individuals on alcohol made significantly more errors during both fixed and random FCRT sequences, and there was evidence of weak antagonism of these effects by caffeine on the latter measure. On the DSST test of psychomotor speed, alcohol was associated with a significant slowing, the caffeine group were significantly faster and there was clear antagonism of the effects of alcohol by caffeine. These findings confirm that alcohol consumption is associated a greater number of errors and provide some evidence for task-specific antagonism of alcohol's cognitive effects by caffeine.     

Repolarization of the presynaptic action potential and short-term synaptic plasticity in the chick ciliary ganglion

Stimulation-induced increases in synaptic efficacy have been described as being composed of multiple independent processes that arise from the activation of distinct mechanisms at the presynaptic terminal. In the chick ciliary ganglion, four components of short-term synaptic plasticity have been described: F1 and F2 components of facilitation, augmentation, and potentiation. In the present study, intracellular recording from the presynaptic calyciform nerve terminal of the chick ciliary ganglion revealed that the late repolarization and afterhypolarization (AHP) phases of the presynaptic action potential are affected by repetitive stimulation and that the time course of these effects parallel that of facilitation. The effects of these changes in the presynaptic action potential time course on calcium influx were tested by using the recorded action potential waveforms as voltage command stimuli during whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from acutely isolated chick ciliary ganglion neurons. The "facilitated" action potential waveform (slowed repolarization, decreased AHP amplitude) evoked calcium current with slightly but significantly greater total calcium influx. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that activity-dependent changes in the presynaptic action potential are one of several mechanisms contributing to the facilitation phase of stimulation-induced increases in transmitter release in this preparation.     

Choice of stratification in Poisson process analysis of recurrent event data with environmental covariates

The Poisson process approach for studying the association between environmental covariates and recurrent events depends on the stratification of study period into intervals within which the baseline intensities are assumed constant. In this work we investigate the problem of bias and variance due to misspecification of this stratification. We suggest a cross-validation approach to choosing a stratification model to balance the trade-off between bias and variance. We also establish a connection between the Poisson process approach and case cross-over studies.     

Postexercise facilitation of motor evoked potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation: a study in normal subjects

The size of the motor evoked potential (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation increases soon after a nonexhaustive voluntary contraction of the target muscle (postexercise facilitation). Our aim was to determine whether the duration or intensity of voluntary muscle contraction influenced postexercise facilitation in normal subjects. We recorded the MEP from the thenar muscles following contractions of different durations (5, 15, and 30 s) and intensities (10%, 25%, and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction). We found that every combination of the tested intensities and durations of physical effort could induce postexercise MEP facilitation. Although the degree of postexercise MEP facilitation was comparable across the different durations and intensities, the maximal facilitation was observed with the shortest and strongest muscle contraction. Our study thus defines the optimal setting to study postexercise facilitation for clinical purposes.     

浙江省医药国际贸易应用型人才需求探析

本文从全国及浙江省近年来医药国际贸易的发展状况出发,对浙江省医药国际贸易应用型人才的需求进行了多方位的深入分析,为新建专业奠定基础,并深入了解医药国际贸易这一具有一定特殊性的人才类型。研究结果显示,医药国际贸易应用型人才在浙江省的市场中需求大,供应紧缺。     

服务行业从业人员肠道致病菌检测结果分析

目的:了解和分析三门县2004~2007年26318份饮食和公共场所从业人员肠道致病菌携带情况及菌型分布。方法:对从业人员粪便及肛拭标本进行肠道菌增菌、分离、生化及血清分型鉴定。结果:合计检测标本26318份,共检出阳性菌72株,总检出率0.27%;其中沙门菌69株,检出率0.26%;志贺菌2株,检出率0.008%;霍乱弧菌1株,检出率0.004%。69株沙门菌经生化和血清学鉴定分为9个血清群12个血清型,另有5株菌型未定,其中B群德尔卑沙门菌共检出37株,占沙门菌检出率53.6%,排在第一位;其次为D3群吉韦沙门菌检出6株,占沙门菌检出率8.7%;第三位的E1群纽兰沙门菌检出5株,占沙门菌检出率7.3%。结论:三门县饮食和公共场所从业人员沙门菌检出率最高,应加强健康体检,及时调离沙门氏菌带菌者。     

The nature of conditioned anti-analgesia: spinal cord opiate and anti-opiate neurochemistry

The central nervous system contains circuitry that inhibits pain sensitivity (analgesia), as well as circuitry that opposes pain inhibition (anti-analgesia). Activation of analgesia systems and anti-analgesia systems can each be brought under environmental control using classical conditioning procedures. Analgesia can be produced by cues present before and during aversive events such as electric shock, while active inhibition of analgesia comes to be produced by cues never present immediately before or during shock and therefore signal safety. We have recently reported that these analgesia and anti-analgesia systems interact at the level of the spinal cord. A series of 3 experiments were performed to examine how such interactions occur. First, potential opioid mediation of conditioned analgesia was investigated using systemic and intrathecal (i.t.) delivery of opiate antagonists. Conditioned analgesia was found to be mediated by activation of spinal μ and δ opiate receptors. Second, analgesia produced by each of these receptor subtypes was challenged by environmental signals for safety. Analgesias produced by μ and δ opiate agonists were each abolished by safety signals. Third, antagonists/antisera directed against several putative anti-opiate neurotransmitters were tested i.t. to identify which mediate conditioned anti-analgesia at the level of the spinal cord. A cholecystokinin antagonist abolished conditioned anti-analgesia. In contrast, neuropeptide FF antiserum and a κ opiate antagonist were without effect.