婴幼儿心内直视术后气管插管的护理

目的 探讨婴幼儿心内直视手术后气管插管护理方法 ,以提高手术成功率.方法 观察并总结28例婴幼儿先天性心脏病手术后气管插管的护理.结果 妥善固定气管插管、保持呼吸道通畅、有效的镇静以及心理护理可有效提高手术成功率.结论 规范而得当的气管插管护理是保证婴幼儿心内直视手术成功的关键之一.     

低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理对小儿气管支气管异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理技术对气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法:对103例气道异物患儿行螺旋CT扫描,CT扫描参数为120kV,40～80mA,层厚7mm,间距7mm,螺距3,扫描后进行层厚3mm,间隔1.5mm内插式重建,对获得的数据进行图像后处理,后处理技术包括多平面重建(MPR)、最小密度投影(MinP)、表面遮盖法重建(SSD)、CT仿真支气管内窥镜(CTVB)。与支气管内窥镜进行比较。结果:103例气管支气管异物均获得满意的后处理图像,螺旋CT及后处理技术的诊断准确性为100%,异物定位与支气管镜检相符97.1%。其中MPR(包括CPR)在显示异物本身和局限性气管、支气管阻塞最好。结论:小儿气管支气管异物可用螺旋CT低剂量扫描,但不能用单一的后处理技术,应该将轴位和多种后处理技术结合起来,综合分析。本病的直接征象是显示异物本身,而局限性支气管阻塞需结合其他征象才能确诊。     

Utility of the 3‐Vessel and 3‐Vessel and Trachea Views in Prenatal Diagnosis of a Pulmonary Artery Sling

A pulmonary artery (PA) sling is a very rare congenital cardiovascular anomaly, and only a few studies have reported PA slings in fetuses. The relationship of the PA, aorta, ductus arteriosus, and trachea can be evaluated in the 3‐vessel and 3‐vessel and trachea views during fetal echocardiography. A PA sling can be detected by abnormal positioning of the left PA in relation to the trachea when sweeping from the 3‐vessel view cranially to the 3‐vessel and trachea view. Here we report 3 cases of fetal PA slings and their follow‐ups. Two cases were confirmed by postnatal echocardiography, and the other case was confirmed by a cardiovascular cast after pregnancy termination. We emphasize that the 3‐vessel and 3‐vessel and trachea views are of crucial importance in the prenatal diagnosis of a PA sling.     

64排螺旋CT气管三维重组在小儿气管异物中的应用价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT气管三维重组在小儿气管异物中的应用价值。方法患儿行多层螺旋CT检查并进行三维重组及仿真内窥镜技术显示气管支气管病变;三维重组技术包括多平面重建、最大密度投影、最小密度投影、表面遮盖显示和容积再现,CT仿真内窥镜对气管支气管异物的显示与支气管镜所见具有一致性。16例临床怀疑气管异物的患儿．记录每位患儿的平均有效剂量;将容积数据进行多平面重组、最小密度投影和仿真支气管镜成像。结果多层螺旋CT三维重建及仿真内窥镜可准确、直观地显示气管支气管异物的位置、大小、形态、密度及阻塞程度。16例气管异物患儿,右侧支气管异物12例,左侧支气管异物2例,大气管异物1例,双侧气管异物1例。合并肺炎5例,肺不张7例,肺气肿5例。结论多层螺旋CT三维重组及仿真内窥镜可准确评价气管支气管异物,是一种准确无创性诊断方法,为临床治疗提供直观的影像学资料,具有较高的临床诊断及指导价值。     

40例主气道狭窄患者诊治体会

目的 探讨主气道狭窄患者的病因及选择适当的治疗方式.方法 收集吉林大学第二医院40例主气道狭窄患者的病因,并观察其选择不同治疗方式的效果.结果 40例主气道狭窄患者中,总气管肿物15例(37.5％),气管内膜结核11例(27.5％),气管插管及切开后9例(22 5％),气管黏膜炎症3例(7.5％),气管淀粉样变1例(2.5％),食管癌术后放疗1例(2.5％).在治疗方式的选择上,除外保守治疗(19例),选择气管切开9例,球囊扩张6例,T管置入5例,冷冻治疗7例,氩气刀治疗6例.接受气管切开、球囊扩张、T管置入、冷冻治疗及氩气刀治疗的患者呼吸困难等症状均得到明显减轻.结论 气管插管及切开造成主气道狭窄的发病率有所上升.患者通过气管切开可迅速缓解症状,联合介入技术及T管置入术已成为除外外科手术治疗的有效方式.     

多层螺旋CT图像后处理在诊断儿童气道透X线异物中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建技术在诊断儿童气管、支气管(透X线)异物中的价值。方法对30例临床疑诊为气管、支气管异物患儿行MSCT检查,然后用多平面重建(MPR)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)、容积再现(VR)技术进行原始图像处理并分析其影像表现。结果共检出异物30例,其中气管异物2例,左侧支气管异物13例,右侧支气管异物14例,双侧支气管异物1例,全部病例经纤维支气管镜证实。后处理图像清晰地显示了异物形状、位置及异物与支气管黏膜的关系等。结论 MSCT是一种有价值的无创性诊断气管、支气管异物且易为儿童所接受的检查方法 。     

Immunohistochemical co-localization of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 and sensory neuropeptides in the guinea-pig respiratory system

Electrophysiological studies within the lung have documented the presence of heterogenous groups of afferent fibers composed of Adelta and C-fibers and studies of somatosensory nerves within the skin reveal a complex pattern of distribution of sensory neuropeptides and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)1 positive nerves. However, the anatomical location of these different subpopulations of nerves within the lung has not been extensively studied. In the present study we have demonstrated that TRPV1 axons represented only a small proportion of the total number of PGP9.5 staining nerves within guinea-pig tracheal epithelium and only half the number of TRPV1 axons was immunopositive for substance P. In contrast, most TRPV1 positive neurones found within guinea-pig intrapulmonary airways were found to co-localize with sensory neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide within and beneath the epithelium, around blood vessels, within airway smooth muscle and alveoli, indicative of heterogeneity of TRPV1 positive axons throughout the airways. However, in the smooth muscle layer of the trachea there was evidence of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide containing nerves that did not stain for TRPV1. We also demonstrated a complete loss of TRVP1 positive axons in the trachea and intrapulmonary airways and associated loss of bronchoconstriction induced by capsaicin, in animals chronically treated with capsaicin. However, some neuropeptide immunoreactive axons remained in the smooth muscle layer of capsaicin-treated animals which could represent the small subset of neuropeptide containing fibers which do not co-localize with TRPV1. We have provided evidence of heterogeneity of TRPV1 positive nerve fibers, including fibers characterized by lack of co-localization with neuropeptides in various regions of the airways and the existence of neuropeptide containing fibers that were not TRPV1 positive in guinea-pigs.     

闭塞性细支气管炎模型大鼠微小RNA差异表达谱分析

背景：目前对于气管移植后并发闭塞性细支气管炎尚无有效的治疗方法。miRNA分子水平机制的治疗策略在防治器官移植后并发症方面具有重要意义。 目的：分析大鼠原位气管移植模拟肺移植后发生闭塞性细支气管炎的微小RNA 表达谱变化。 方法：通过近交系大鼠原位气管移植,模拟建立肺移植闭塞性细支气管炎的动物模型并经病理学证实;通过微小RNA芯片筛选出供体移植气管闭塞性细支气管炎组织中显著差异表达的微小RNA,并选取差异表达显著的miR-146a、miR-155和miR-451进行相对定量研究,应用实时定量RT-PCR(RT-qPCR)法验证芯片结果的可靠性。 结果与结论：原位气管移植后4周经病理检查证实大鼠闭塞性细支气管炎模型成功建立。microarray检测获得29个与闭塞性细支气管炎相关的微小RNA,包括15个微小RNA表达显著上调,14个微小RNA表达显著下调,其中显著上调miR-146a、miR-155和显著下调miR-451的功能涉及免疫炎症反应等。提示微小RNA在肺移植后闭塞性细支气管炎病理进程中发挥着重要的调控作用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

1.44μm脉冲激光对犬气管壁组织的作用研究

目的探讨医用1.44μm波长脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬气管壁作用的量效关系及其临床意义。方法采用脉宽640μs,频率5Hz、最大单脉冲能量1J的1.44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光,按单脉冲能量0（对照）、0.2、0.5和0.8J,每次照射脉冲数1、5、10、20、40、80进行分组,每组5只比格犬,对犬气管黏膜进行活体照射。取照射处气管壁常规制作组织切片,HE染色,显微镜下观察,计算机成像与测量,获取汽化区宽度、深度、凝固带宽度与深度等数据,绘制量效关系曲线,分析作用机制。结果试验可观测到各种组织效应表现,最大汽化区宽度（2508.6±118.0）μm、最大凝固带宽度（1743.3±125.6）μm、最大汽化区深度（2274.8±146.8）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0.8J、80个脉冲/次剂量组;最大凝固带深度（895.8±51.7）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0.5J、80个脉冲数/次剂量组。结论1.44μm脉冲激光对犬气管壁作用的组织效应程度与单脉冲能量和每次照射脉冲数呈正相关趋势。该激光作为手术刀应用有较强汽化能力,其凝固层厚度足以保证术中止血,创面清洁,能满足气管手术的需要。     

Cytological features of dedifferentiated adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a distinct type of carcinoma, and cytological examination has been recognized as a useful tool in its diagnosis. Dedifferentiation is defined as the abrupt transformation of a low‐grade tumor into a tumor with high‐grade components. Albeit extremely rare, dedifferentiated AdCC has been reported: however, the cytological features of this tumor have not been documented. We observed a case in which a 66‐year‐old Japanese male had stenosis and thickness of the lower tracheal and bronchial walls. Cytological smears of a bronchial brush specimen revealed features typical for low‐grade AdCC. However, a few cohesive epithelial cell clusters composed of large, atypical polygonal cells with large nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli also were present. This component was considered to represent dedifferentiated carcinoma. Histopathological study of the resected bronchial tumor revealed dedifferentiated AdCC. The cytological diagnosis of conventional low‐grade AdCC is straightforward in most cases, although extremely rare, dedifferentiated carcinoma can occur within the conventional AdCC, and detection of a dedifferentiated component is possible in a cytological specimen because of obvious nuclear atypia. Therefore, careful observation is needed because cytologic diagnosis of dedifferentiated AdCC can help expedite treatment of this highly aggressive tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:880–883. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.