Tanshinone IIA prevents LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice via inactivation of succinate dehydrogenase in macrophages

Metabolic reprogramming is associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation in activated macrophages, contributing to inflammatory responses. Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) is a major constituent from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Tan-IIA on inflammation in macrophages in focus on its regulation of metabolism and redox state. In lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), Tan-IIA (10 μM) significantly decreased succinate-boosted IL-1β and IL-6 production, accompanied by upregulation of IL-1RA and IL-10 release via inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Tan-IIA concentration dependently inhibited SDH activity with an estimated IC₅₀ of 4.47 μM in LPS-activated BMDMs. Tan-IIA decreased succinate accumulation, suppressed mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, thus preventing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induction. Consequently, Tan-IIA reduced glycolysis and protected the activity of Sirtuin2 (Sirt2), an NAD⁺-dependent protein deacetylase, by raising the ratio of NAD⁺/NADH in activated macrophages. The acetylation of α-tubulin was required for the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome; Tan-IIA increased the binding of Sirt2 to α-tubulin, and thus reduced the acetylation of α-tubulin, thus impairing this process. Sirt2 knockdown or application of Sirt2 inhibitor AGK-2 (10 μM) neutralized the effects of Tan-IIA, suggesting that Tan-IIA inactivated NLRP3 inflammasome in a manner dependent on Sirt2 regulation. The anti-inflammatory effects of Tan-IIA were observed in mice subjected to LPS challenge: pre-administration of Tan-IIA (20 mg/kg, ip) significantly attenuated LPS-induced acute inflammatory responses, characterized by elevated IL-1β but reduced IL-10 levels in serum. The peritoneal macrophages isolated from the mice displayed similar metabolic regulation. In conclusion, Tan-IIA reduces HIF-1α induction via SDH inactivation, and preserves Sirt2 activity via downregulation of glycolysis, contributing to suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This study provides a new insight into the anti-inflammatory action of Tan-IIA from the respect of metabolic and redox regulation.     

丹参酮ⅡA对过敏性紫癜肾炎小鼠肾组织中Cosmc和AOPP表达的影响及其治疗作用

目的：探讨丹参酮ⅡA对过敏性紫癜肾炎小鼠肾组织中半乳糖基转移酶伴侣蛋白（Cosmc）、晚期氧化蛋白终末产物（AOPP）表达及胞外信号调节激酶/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（ERK/MAPK）信号通路蛋白水平的影响,阐明丹参酮ⅡA对过敏性紫癜肾炎的治疗机制。方法：38只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组（建立过敏性紫癜肾炎模型）和丹参酮ⅡA组（建立过敏性紫癜肾炎模型+丹参酮ⅡA治疗）,其中2只小鼠用于验证造模是否成功,其余每组12只。测定各组小鼠尿红细胞计数和尿蛋白水平,采用过碘酸希夫反应（PAS）染色观察各组小鼠肾组织病理形态表现,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定小鼠肾组织中AOPP蛋白水平,采用Western blotting法测定小鼠肾组织中ERK和磷酸化ERK（p-ERK）蛋白表达水平。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法测定各组小鼠肾组织中ERK、p-ERK和Cosmc mRNA表达水平。结果：对照组小鼠肾小球基底膜无增生,无肾小球硬化;模型组小鼠肾小球基底膜增生明显,可见炎症细胞浸润,出现肾小球硬化;丹参酮ⅡA组小鼠肾小球基底膜增生和炎症浸润不明显,少量炎症细胞浸润。与对照组比较,模型组和丹参酮ⅡA组小鼠尿红细胞计数、24 h尿蛋白水平及肾组织中AOPP蛋白水平和p-ERK mRNA表达水平升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,Cosmc mRNA表达水平降低（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,丹参酮ⅡA组小鼠尿红细胞计数、24 h尿蛋白水平及肾组织中AOPP蛋白水平和p-ERK蛋白表达水平降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,Cosmc mRNA表达水平升高（P<0.01）。模型组小鼠肾组织中Cosmc mRNA表达水平与AOPP蛋白水平及p-ERK蛋白表达水平呈负相关关系（r=-0.573,P<0.01;r=-0.602,P<0.01）,AOPP蛋白水平与p-ERK蛋白表达水平呈正相关关系（r=0.614,P<0.01）。结论：丹参酮ⅡA可能通过降低肾组织Cosmc水平、升高肾组织中AOPP水平以及激活ERK/MAPK信号通路对过敏性紫癜肾炎小鼠发挥治疗作用。     

丹参酮ⅡA对人胎盘间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化的诱导作用及其机制

目的：探讨丹参酮ⅡA （TanⅡA）对人胎盘间充质干细胞（hPDMSCs）向心肌细胞分化的诱导作用及其机制,为TanⅡA作为心肌细胞分化诱导剂提供实验依据。方法：采用不同浓度TanⅡA （0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0 mg·L^-1）处理hPDMSCs,MTT法筛选出无毒剂量的TanⅡA （0.1 mg·L^-1）用于实验。hPDMSCs培养体系分为对照组、5-氮胞苷（5-aza,10μmol·L^-1）诱导组和TanⅡA （0.1 mg·L^-1）诱导组。培养20d后,免疫组织化学法检测各组细胞中α-横纹肌肌动蛋白（α-SCA）的表达;免疫荧光法检测各组细胞中心肌肌钙蛋白I （cTnI）的阳性表达率,计算心肌细胞分化率;Western-blotting法检测各组细胞中心肌转录调节因子4（GATA4）、心钠素（ANF）、cTnI、糖原合成酶激酶-3β（GSK-3β）和β-连环蛋白（β-catenin）的蛋白表达水平。结果：hPDMSCs的生物学特性符合间充质干细胞。MTT法,当TanⅡA浓度大于0.1 mg·L^-1时,细胞存活率随浓度的增加而降低。对照组细胞在培养12 d以前呈快速增长趋势,培养12 d后细胞增殖活性降低;与对照组比较,5-aza诱导组和TanⅡA诱导组细胞增殖活性明显降低（P<0.05）。免疫组织化学染色,对照组细胞不表达α-SCA,5-aza诱导组和TanⅡA诱导组细胞均表达α-SCA,且TanⅡA诱导组更明显。与对照组比较,5-aza诱导组和TanⅡA诱导组细胞中GATA4（t_5-aza=2.937,P_5-aza<0.05;t_TanⅡA=4.769,P_TanⅡA<0.05）、ANF （t_5-aza=3.728,P_5-aza<0.05;t_TanⅡA=5.912,P_TanⅡA<0.05）、cTnI （t_5-aza=3.623,P_5-aza<0.05;t_TanⅡA=7.153,P_TanⅡA<0.05）和GSK-3β（t_5-aza=2.995,P_5-aza<0.05;t_TanⅡA=5.420,P_TanⅡA<0.05）蛋白表达水平明显升高,β-catenin （t_5-aza=2.985,P_5-aza<0.05;t_TanⅡA=6.951,P_TanⅡA<0.05）蛋白表达水平明显降低;与5-aza诱导组比较,TanⅡA诱导组GATA4、ANF和GSK-3β蛋白表达水平进一步升高（P<0.05）。结论：TanⅡA能诱导hPDMSCs分化为心肌细胞,且效果优于5-aza,其机制可能与TanⅡA能抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路有关。     

Combination of tanshinone IIA and doxorubicin possesses synergism and attenuation effects on doxorubicin in the treatment of breast cancer

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a first‐line drug for breast cancer chemotherapy. However, with the prolongation of chemotherapy cycle, breast cancer cells are increasingly tempt to resist Dox, and meanwhile, high cumulative dose of Dox brings enhancing toxic side effects, and these effects may lead to chemotherapy failure. Hence, it is necessary to search an agent in combination medication with Dox, which can not only enhance the chemosensitivity of Dox but also reduce the toxic side effects. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is reported to have antitumor activity in addition to its cardiovascular protective effects. We employed human breast cancer MCF‐7 and MCF‐7/dox cells in order to assess whether Tan IIA might perform such function. Our in vitro studies showed that Tan IIA could enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Dox through inhibiting the PTEN/AKT pathway and downregulating the expression of efflux ABC transporters including P‐gp, BCRP, and MRP1. In addition, our in vivo studies showed Tan IIA enhanced the chemotherapeutic effect of Dox against breast cancer while reducing its toxic side effects including weight loss, myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, Tan IIA could be used as a novel agent combined with Dox in breast cancer therapy.     

Insight into the pharmacokinetic behavior of tanshinone IIA in the treatment of Crohn’s disease: comparative data for tanshinone IIA and its two glucuronidated metabolites in normal and recurrent colitis models after oral administration

1.?Previous reports implied that tanshinone IIA (TSA) may offer potential benefits for Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the detailed pharmacokinetic behavior of TSA in the treatment of colitis remain unclear. Herein, a recurrent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis mouse model was used to investigate whether TSA possesses favorable pharmacokinetic and colonic distribution profiles to serve as a candidate drug.

2.?Although the systemic TSA exposures were low (AUC_0–t approximately 330?ng*h/ml) in both the normal and colitis models after oral administration TSA 20?mg/kg, high levels of TSA were found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Such a GI exposure of TSA in colitis mice is adequate to exert anti-inflammatory effects as observed in various in vitro studies.

3.?Interestingly, colonic TSA exposure in the colitis mouse model was much lower than that in the normal mice, which may be explained by a significant upregulation of colonic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt)1a9 expression and a higher plasma concentration of TSA glucuronides in the model mice at 0.5, 1 and 2?h after TSA administration.

4.?Together, these results reveal high accumulation at the site of inflammation and minimal systemic concentration of TSA, which are favorable pharmacokinetic behaviors to meet the requirements for CD treatment.     

丹参酮对两种学习记忆功能障碍模型大鼠治疗作用的实验研究

目的研究丹参酮对拟人类阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）2种模型大鼠学习、记忆功能障碍的改善作用。方法①实验动物随机分成5组：痴呆（AD／VD）模型组、丹参酮治疗组、假造模对照组和正常对照组。VD模型组：应用改良的大脑中动脉线栓塞（MCAO）法建模;AD模型组：应用D-半乳糖腹腔注射和海马内注射β-淀粉样肽蛋白片段1-40（Aβ1-40）复合造模方法建模。丹参酮治疗组：VD大鼠造模完成后或AD大鼠造模24h后给予丹参酮[somg／（kg&#183;d）],溶于5ml玉米油中灌胃14d。假造模对照组：与VD大鼠同法,但不做插线、结扎;与AD大鼠同法注射等量溶媒。正常对照组：大鼠不做任何处理。②采用水迷宫行为学实验,以单位时间逃避潜伏期及其频率为指标,测定大鼠空间学习、记忆功能。结果①AD／VD大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长,逃生错误频率高,与两个对照组比较差异均有显著性意义。②丹参酮治疗组大鼠较痴呆模型组逃避潜伏期明显缩短,逃生错误频率减低,差异有统计学意义。结论①2种痴呆大鼠模型具有较好仿真人类AD／VD的特点。②丹参酮对AD／VD具有一定的治疗作用。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定藿贞胶囊中丹参酮ⅡA的含量

 目的 测定藿贞胶囊中丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量。方法 用反相高效液相色谱法,流动相为甲醇-水（70∶30）,紫外检测波长270 nm,流速1.4 ml·min^-1。结果 丹参酮Ⅱ_A对照品在0.7～41.6 mg·L^-1浓度内线性关系良好,r=0.9994。平均加样回收率96.1%,RSD为2.2%。结论 该法简便,分离完全,结果可靠,适用于丹参酮Ⅱ_A的测定。     

中草药浸提过程的动力学模型

根据中草药浸提机制和扩散理论,建立在浸提温度保持不变条件下的动力学模型,分别讨论了浸提时间,溶剂倍量以及颗粒粒度与浸出有效成分浓度之间的函数关系,结果是：在单因素变化的情况下,ｌｎＣＢ与ｌｎｔ、ｌｎσ或ｌｎ（Ｍ－Ｒ）均成线性关系,对丹参（Ｓａｌｖｉａ ｍｉｌｔｉｏｒｒｈｉｚａ Ｂｇｅ）中有效成分丹参酮（ｔａｎｓｈｉｎｏｎｅ）的浸提过程进行了实验研究,结果表明该模型与实验结果相吻合。     

丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠对大鼠肥厚心肌血管紧张素受体及STAT3的影响

目的 观察丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠盐对腹主动脉缩窄致高血压大鼠肥厚心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT_1R)基因、蛋白表达以及对STAT3蛋白表达的影响,探讨其延缓心肌肥厚的机制.方法 取24只9周龄SD大鼠,环扎其腹主动脉,制成高血压大鼠模型,随机分为模型组(n=8)、丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠组(n=8)、缬沙坦组(n=8);另取8只行假手术,作为假手术组.给药8周后测量大鼠的尾动脉收缩压(SBP)及左室质量指数(LVMI),应用HE染色、VG染色,检测心肌纤维直径(MFD),采用RT-PCR、Western blotting方法分别检测AT_1 R的mRNA和蛋白的表达水平以及STAT3蛋白的表达水平.结果 与假手术组比较,模型组的SBP、LVMI、MFD均显著增加;AT_1R mRNA和蛋白的表达水平明显增高,STAT3的表达也明显升高(P<0.05).与模型组相比,丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠组大鼠LVMI、MFD均显著降低;AT_1R mRNA、蛋白表达和STAT3的表达均受到一定程度的抑制,但作用不如缬沙坦明显(P<0.05).结论 丹参酮Ⅱ_A磺酸钠有延缓心肌肥厚的作用,可能与一定程度上抑制AT_1R以及STAT3的表达有关.