不同置管方式对PICC有效性及安全性影响的系统评价再评价

目的通过系统评价再评价探讨不同置管方式对PICC静脉输液技术安全性及有效性的影响,为护理人员临床决策提供参考。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library(2015年第10期)、Medline、Embase、中文期刊全文数据库、维普全文数据库、万方数据知识服务平台等数据库,检索时间从建库至2015年10月,检索不同置管方式对PICC静脉输液技术安全性及有效性影响的系统评价和Meta分析,采用AMSTAR工具评价纳入研究的方法学质量,采用GRADE系统对结局指标进行质量评价。结果最终纳入8篇系统评价/Meta分析,仅1篇为高质量,主要缺陷为缺乏前期设计方案、未考虑纳入文献的发表状态、未列出排除文献清单及未说明相关利益冲突4个方面。对5篇系统评价的15个结局指标按照GRADE系统进行证据质量评价,7个结局指标的证据质量为中,其余均为低。结论纳入系统评价/Meta分析的文献整体质量不高,结局指标的证据质量为中或低。总体上,超声引导/或结合改良赛丁格技术行PICC置管、并借助影像学标识可显著增加PICC的有效性及安全性,经不同静脉PICC置管的有效性无差异,但经贵要静脉穿刺可显著增加置管及维护的安全性。经不同上肢PICC置管的有效性和安全性无差异。受纳入研究的数量及质量限制,尚需更高质量的研究证实该结论的可靠性。     

Effect of birth weight on adulthood renal function: A bias‐adjusted meta‐analytic approach

While the association between low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) and development of adult chronic renal disease (CKD) is inconsistently reported, less information is available regarding association of high birth weight (HBW; ≥4000 g) with CKD. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis on studies published before 30 September 2015 and report associations between birth weight and renal function. Blood (glomerular filtration rate (GFR)) and urine (microalbuminuria/albumin excreation rate (AER)/urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR)) parameters were used to define CKD. Three different effect size estimates were used (odds ratio, regression coefficient and mean difference). The odds of developing CKD in the life course among those born LBW was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.20) times and 1.68 (1.27, 2.33) times, assessed by blood and urine parameters respectively. Higher risk was also observed among Asian and Australian populations (blood: OR 2.68; urine: OR 2.28), individuals aged ≤30 years (blood: OR 2.30; urine: OR 1.26), and ≥50 years (blood: OR 3.66; urine: OR 3.10), people with diabetes (blood: OR 2.51), and aborigines (urine: OR 2.32). There was no significant association between HBW and CKD. For every 1 kg increase in BW, the estimated GFR increased by 2.09 mL/min per 1.73 m² (1.33–2.85), and it was negatively associated with LogACR (ß ?0.07, 95% CI: ?0.14, 0.00). LBW inborn had lower mean GFR ?4.62 (?7.10, ?2.14) compared with normal BW. Findings of this study suggest that LBW increased the risk of developing CKD, and HBW did not show any significant impact.     

乌司他丁对患儿心肺转流手术后肺功能影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价乌司他丁对患儿心肺转流(CPB)心脏直视手术后肺功能的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library(2014年第1期)、知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普和万方数据库,时间从建库至2015年10月,查找CPB心脏手术围术期患儿使用乌司他丁对呼吸系统功能影响的随机对照试验(RCT),使用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析。结果最终共纳入19篇RCT,共计657例患儿。乌司他丁可以明显改善患儿术后PaO2(SMD=0.90,95%CI 0.52~1.28,P0.01)及氧合指数(OI)(SMD=1.01,95%CI 0.45~1.56,P0.01);减小肺泡-动脉血氧分压差PA-aO2(SMD=-0.87,95%CI-1.70~-0.03,P=0.04)、呼吸指数(RI)(SMD=-0.81,95%CI-1.51~-0.11,P=0.02)、气道峰压(Ppeak)(SMD=-0.83,95%CI-1.18~-0.48,P0.01),改善肺动态顺应性(Cd)(SMD=1.10,95%CI 0.57~1.62,P0.01),缩短呼吸机通气时间(MVT)(SMD=-0.98,95%CI-1.59~-0.36,P0.01)。结论乌司他丁可在一定程度上改善心脏手术CPB过程中患儿的肺功能,但所选文章均非多中心、严格对照论文,结论有待进一步研究。     

针刺治疗脑卒中后痉挛性瘫痪疗效比较的系统评价与Meta分析

目的:系统评价针刺治疗脑卒中后痉挛性瘫痪的疗效。方法:电子检索国内外数据库中针刺治疗脑卒中后痉挛性瘫痪的随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial,RCT),并由两名评价者按照Cochrane Handboo5.1.0中的方法独立进行文献筛选和质量评估,运用Rev Man5.3软件进行数据统计和Meta分析。结果:最终纳入15个RCT,共包括940例患者。Meta分析显示:(1)有效率:试验组高于对照组,有统计学意义[OR=1.88,95%CI(1.35,2.61)];(2)MAS评分:针刺(综合)组疗效优于康复组,有统计学意义[WMD=-0.58,95%CI(-0.77,-0.39)];(3)FMA评分:试验组疗效优于对照组,有统计学意义[WMD=10.90,95%CI(8.69,13.11)]。结论:针刺治疗脑卒中后痉挛性瘫痪有一定的疗效,在与康复结合时更能凸显优势。但是由于纳入文献研究质量不足,目前不能对其疗效得出肯定性结论,需要以更多高质量的多中心随机对照试验进一步证实。     

Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories

Background: Behaviour change interventions are effective in supporting individuals in achieving temporary behaviour change. Behaviour change maintenance, however, is rarely attained. The aim of this review was to identify and synthesise current theoretical explanations for behaviour change maintenance to inform future research and practice.

Methods: Potentially relevant theories were identified through systematic searches of electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO). In addition, an existing database of 80 theories was searched, and 25 theory experts were consulted. Theories were included if they formulated hypotheses about behaviour change maintenance. Included theories were synthesised thematically to ascertain overarching explanations for behaviour change maintenance. Initial theoretical themes were cross-validated.

Findings: One hundred and seventeen behaviour theories were identified, of which 100 met the inclusion criteria. Five overarching, interconnected themes representing theoretical explanations for behaviour change maintenance emerged. Theoretical explanations of behaviour change maintenance focus on the differential nature and role of motives, self-regulation, resources (psychological and physical), habits, and environmental and social influences from initiation to maintenance.

Discussion: There are distinct patterns of theoretical explanations for behaviour change and for behaviour change maintenance. The findings from this review can guide the development and evaluation of interventions promoting maintenance of health behaviours and help in the development of an integrated theory of behaviour change maintenance.     

Self-directed interventions to promote weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Many self-directed weight-loss interventions have been developed using a variety of delivery formats (e.g., internet and smartphone) and change techniques. Yet, little research has examined whether self-directed interventions can exclusively promote weight loss. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were systematically reviewed for randomised controlled trials evaluating self-directed interventions in relation to weight-loss outcomes in adults. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Twenty-seven trials incorporating 36 comparisons met our inclusion criteria. Participants using self-directed interventions lost significantly more weight (MD?=??1.56?kg, CI ?2.25, ?0.86 ranging from 0.6 to 5.3?kg) compared to those in the minimal intervention or no-treatment groups (3.1-month follow-up median). The majority of interventions were internet based (18 evaluations) and these were effective at 3 months (MD?=??1.74?kg, CI ?2.65, ?0.82 ranging from 0.6 to 4.8?kg) (SMD?=??0.48, 95% CI ?0.72, ?0.24, I²?=?82%; p?I²?=?76%; p?=?.004; 4 evaluations). Self-directed weight-loss interventions can generate modest weight loss for up to 6 months but may need to be supplemented by other interventions to achieve sustained and clinically meaningful weight loss.     

针刺疗法治疗血管性痴呆的临床研究进展

血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)是由各种脑血管病引起脑组织损害而产生的痴呆,它是仅次于阿尔茨海默病的常见痴呆类型。针刺疗法对血管性痴呆的认知功能及社会活动功能康复有积极作用,临床应用广泛。本文综述中文数据库中近五年相关针刺疗法治疗血管性痴呆临床文献报道,科学评价针刺疗法的优势和不足,以期为临床治疗血管性痴呆提供参考。     

温病学辨证理论体系再认识

提出温病辨证理论体系主要由病因辨证与病机辨证构成。病机辨证包含基本病机辨证、系统病机辨证和症状病机辨证。基本病机辨证包括斗争性和虚损性,斗争性中要区分热炽与热郁,虚损性中要区分温热类与湿热类的不同。以卫气营血辨证和三焦辨证为代表的系统病机辨证方法应与基本病机辨证和症状病机辨证有机融合,温病辨证理论体系才能更为丰富和全面,并更有益于临床运用。