The simultaneous presence of neuroepithelial cells and neuroepithelial bodies in the respiratory gas bladder of the longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus, and the spotted gar, L. oculatus

Anatomical and functional studies on the autonomic innervation as well as the location of airway receptors in the air-bladder of lepisosteids are very fragmentary. These water-breathing fishes share in common with the bichirs the presence of a glottis (not a ductus pneumaticus) opening into the esophagus. In contrast to a high concentration of neuroepithelial cells (NECs) contained in the furrowed epithelium in the lung of Polypterus, these cells are scattered as solitary cells in the glottal epithelium, and grouped to form neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in the mucociliated epithelium investing the main trabeculae in the air-bladder of Lepisosteus osseus and L. oculatus. The present immunohistochemical studies also demonstrated the presence of nerve fibers in the trabecular striated musculature and a possible relation to NEBs in these species, and identified immunoreactive elements of this innervation. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 5-HT and neuropeptide immunoreactivities were detected in the intramural nerve fibers. 5-HT and VIP immunopositive nerve fibers are apparently associated with NEBs. TH, VIP and SP immunoreactivities are also present in nerve fibers coursing in the radially arranged striated muscle surrounding the glottis and its submucosa. 5-HT positive neurons are also found in submucosal and the muscle layers of the glottis. The physiological function of the adrenergic and inhibitory innervation of the striated muscle as well as the neurochemical coding and morphology of the innervation of the NEBs are not known. Future studies are needed to provide evidence for these receptors with the capacity of chemoreceptors and/or mechanoreceptors.     

Injured kidney cells express SM22α (transgelin): Unique features distinct from α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)

Aim: SM22α (transgelin) has been focused upon as a player in the process of phenotypic changes of types of cells. The SM22α expression in the rat anti‐glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis model and differences from an established phenotypic marker for the myofibroblast, α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA), were investigated. Methods: The rat kidney tissues were processed for histological studies, immunohistochemical and immunoelectronmicroscopy analyses on days 0, 7, 28, 42 and 56 after injection of rabbit anti‐GBM serum for the disease induction. Results: Immunohistochemistry with anti‐SM22α antibodies (Ab) revealed that kidneys of the nephritic rats on day 7 expressed SM22α in podocytes, crescentic cells and epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule. After 28 days, SM22α was also expressed in peritubular interstitial cells. Double immunofluorescence with anti‐SM22α Ab and anti‐αSMA Ab showed that SM22α was preferentially expressed in podocytes, whereas αSMA was positive in mesangial cells on day 7. After day 28, both molecules became positive in peritubular interstitial cells. Conclusion: SM22α was expressed in epithelial cells of inflamed glomeruli in the early phase, and then also in peritubular interstitial cells in the later phase of anti‐GBM nephritis model. SM22α presented unique kinetics of expression distinct from αSMA.     

参麦注射液对百草枯所致肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨参麦注射液在百草枯中毒所致肺损伤中的作用。方法120只SD大鼠随机分为百草枯中毒组（APP）,参麦注射液治疗组（SM1,SM2,SM3）。HE染色观察参麦注射液治疗组组织结构变化,采用免疫组织化学法测定各组肺组织中TGF—β1、IL-1β的表达水平。结果百草枯中毒组肺组织充血水肿明显,肺泡破坏严重,治疗组有所减轻;各治疗组与百草枯中毒组之间转化生长因子β-1（TGF—β1）,白细胞介素-1β（IL—1β）水平均较治疗组明显降低,各治疗组随剂量的增加,TGF-β1,IL-1β水平有明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论参麦注射液在百草枯所致中毒大鼠肺损伤中能使TGF—β1,IL-1β表达水平下调,减轻肺泡炎症和充血程度,减轻百草枯中毒所致肺损伤,延缓和抑制肺纤维化的发生、发展。     

鞘磷脂合酶的生物学功能及与动脉粥样硬化的关系

鞘磷脂是细胞膜及血浆脂蛋白中的重要脂质,有着广泛而重要的生物学功能,并与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展密切相关,其含量改变已成为动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素之一;而鞘磷脂合酶是鞘磷脂合成的关键酶,其表达水平及活性高低直接影响到动脉粥样硬化的病理过程,有可能成为动脉粥样硬化治疗的新靶点。该文就鞘磷脂合酶的结构、生物学功能、在动脉粥样硬化形成过程中的作用,及其作为AS治疗潜在靶点的研究近况进行了全面的综述。     

Sensitive detection of hydrophobic antigens using a novel lipid-aggregate based ELISA

Antibodies against hydrophobic antigens are common in several autoimmune diseases. However, detection of such antibodies by standard immune-assays, such as ELISA, is problematic, in part because of the problems with coating hydrophobic molecules onto polystyrene multi-well plates. We describe a novel method of stably associating hydrophobic antigens to ELISA plates. By mixing the antigen with a hydrophobic molecule containing a hydrophilic anchor, we generate mixed lipid aggregates that can attach to ELISA plates, and are resistant to detergent wash. Using the ganglioside GM-1 and phosphatidylethanolamine conjugated to the hapten DNP (dinitrophenyl) as model antigens, we show that hydrophobic antigens incorporated into mixed lipid aggregates expose their antigenic determinants in a correct configuration. The detection limit of both GM-1 and DNP-PE was considerably improved compared to when these antigens were coated on ELISA plates using organic solvents. Furthermore GM-1 incorporated into mixed lipid aggregates can be detected by specific antibodies in patient serum. The method of incorporating hydrophobic antigens into mixed lipid aggregates for stable association to ELISA plates can presumably be applied to a vast array of hydrophobic antigens, and may well be developed into a large scale screening system for serum reactivity towards different hydrophobic antigens.     

离心沉淀-离心超滤法测定盐酸青藤碱脂质体的包封率

目的 建立盐酸青藤碱（sinomenine hydrochloride,SM-HCl）脂质体包封率的测定方法,并阐明药物在脂质体中的滞留特性。方法 采用薄膜分散法制备SM-HCl脂质体。以HPLC法测定脂质体药物的量,色谱柱为Kromasil ODS C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇-水-乙二胺（55∶45∶0.225）,体积流量1.0 mL/min,检测波长265 nm。以离心沉淀-离心超滤法测定SM-HCl脂质体的包封率,并与以枸橼酸缓冲液（pH 7.0）水化的脂质体样品稀释前后的包封率进行对比。结果 辅料与溶剂对青藤碱的定量测定无干扰,青藤碱在9.82～78.56 μg/mL线性关系良好（r＝0.999 7）,平均回收率在99.29%～100.8%,日内与日间精密度良好（RSD≤2.1%）。50 μL药液可使超滤膜对药物的吸附达到饱和。以枸橼酸缓冲液（pH 7.0）水化的脂质体样品的包封率为33.16%,稀释1倍后该样品的包封率降至14.75%。结论 HPLC法与离心沉淀-离心超滤法结合可用于测定SM-HCl脂质体的包封率,该方法快速、准确;离心超滤中应弃去50 μL初滤液以确保滤液与脂质体外水相药物浓度一致;青藤碱与脂质双分子层有一定的亲和力,但在脂质体中的滞留性较差。     

An evaluation of rectal artesunate for the pre-hospital management of severe malaria

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Severe falciparum malaria stills accounts for around half a million childhood deaths per year in sub-Saharan Africa. Prompt treatment of sick children close to home starting with artesunate given rectally by appropriately trained people can be lifesaving.     

Monoclonal antibodies to human casein

Two monoclonal antibodies, LICR-LON-32.2 (32.2) and LICR-LON-14.1 (14.1), are described which react with human casein. 32.2 reacts with human beta-casein and 14.1 with human kappa-casein. 32.2 also reacts with rat band 2 casein and bovine beta-casein, but 14.1 appears to be specific for human kappa-casein. These monoclonal antibodies do not cross-react with other milk proteins.     

赤土茯苓苷对实验性胃溃疡的保护作用

观察赤土茯苓苷（Ｓｍｉ）对动物性胃冲疡的作用。以昆明种小鼠和Ｗｉｓｇａｒ大鼠为实验材料,通过３种胃溃疡动物模型判断药效。结果：Ｓｍｉ对小鼠利血平型、应激型及大鼠幽门结扎型溃疡均有保护作用,Ｓｍｉ各组,溃疡指数、出血九均明显小于生理盐水组（Ｓｍｉ１００、２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｐ〈０．０５,Ｓｍｉ ３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｐ〈０．０１）,提高应激型小鼠胃粘膜Ｓｅ－ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力（Ｐ〈０．０５）,降低ＭＤＡ含量