Effect of Morus alba L. (mulberry) leaves on anxiety in mice

Objective:

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of a methanolic extract of Morus alba L. leaves in mice.

Materials and Methods:

The hole-board test, elevated plus-maze paradigm, open field test, and light/dark paradigm were used to assess the anxiolytic activity of the methanolic extract of M. alba L. Morus alba extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 30 min before the tests.

Results:

The results showed that the methanolic extract of M. alba significantly increased the number and duration of head poking in the hole-board test. In the elevated plus-maze, the extract significantly increased the exploration of the open arm in similar way to that of diazepam. At a dose of 200 mg/kg i.p. the extract significantly increased both the time spent in and the entries into the open arm by mice. Further, in the open field test, the extract significantly increased rearing, assisted rearing, and number of squares traversed, all of which are demonstrations of exploratory behavior. In the light/dark paradigm, the extract produced significant increase in time spent in the lighted box as compared to vehicle. The spontaneous locomotor activity count, measured using an actophotometer, was significantly decreased in animals pretreated with M. alba extract, indicating a remarkable sedative effect of the plant.

Conclusion:

The results of the present study suggest that a methanolic extract of M. alba leaves may possess an anxiolytic effect.     

The effects of lorazepam on skin conductance responses to aversive stimuli in healthy subjects

Background Autonomic responses to aversive stimuli are widely used to model anxiolytic drug effects in healthy humans. Benzodiazepine anxiolytics dose dependently attenuate autonomic responses to aversive stimuli by their anxiolytic as well as sedative action. The present study aimed to examine the effects of non-sedative doses of lorazepam on skin cutaneous responses to aversive stimuli and subjective mood. Methods A randomized, double blind, cross over study of 12 healthy male volunteers aged 24 years (23–32; median; range) was carried out. Subjects received single oral doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg lorazepam as well as placebo on three different occasions with at least 5 days in-between. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) to unpleasant pictures and noises, pupillary unrest index as well as subjective levels of anxiety were measured repeatedly before and after drug administration. Results SCRs were found significantly lower 2 hours following ingestion of 0.5 mg lorazepam as well as 1, 2 and 3 hours after 1.0 mg lorazepam were given as compared to baseline conditions. By contrast, administration of placebo did not influence SCRs to a significant extent. Both doses of lorazepam did not change pupillary unrest index nor subjective mood. Conclusions Lorazepam may attenuate SCRs to aversive stimuli without affecting vigilance nor subjective mood. Attenuation of autonomic responses to aversive stimuli may not be specific for an anxiolytic effect.     

咪达唑仑联合氟芬合剂在硬膜外麻醉中的应用

目的:观察咪达唑仑联合氟芬合剂抑制内脏牵拉反射以及镇静、遗忘的临床效果。方法:选择14～68岁的硬膜外麻醉行下腹部手术病人80例,随机分为A、B两组,每组40例。A组为氟芬合剂组,采用芬太尼1μg.kg-1加氟哌利多0.05 mg.kg-1;B组为联合用药组,在A组基础上加咪达唑仑0.04 mg.kg-1。连续监测血压、脉搏、呼吸、血氧饱和度(SpO2),记录术中牵拉反射的程度和遗忘情况。结果:给药前后各组同时间点的血压、脉搏、呼吸、SpO2值无显著性差异,B组牵拉反射发生率均显著低于A组(P<0.05),B组较A组能产生较好的镇静、遗忘作用(P<0.05)。结论:咪达唑仑联合氟芬合剂可用作硬膜外麻醉的辅助药。     

天麻钩藤降压胶囊降压及镇静作用研究

目的:观察天麻钩藤降压胶囊降压及镇静安神的作用.方法:SHR大鼠以天麻钩藤降压胶囊(5.4,10.8,21.6 g·kg-1) ig,1次/d,连续给药4周,观察对大鼠收缩压的影响;小鼠以天麻钩藤降压胶囊(7.8,15.6,31.2g·kg-1 )ig,1次/d,连续5d,末次给药1h后,ip戊巴比妥钠55 mg· kg-1,记录睡眠时间;ip硫代氨基脲16 mg·kg-1,记录惊厥时间(惊厥潜伏期),惊厥次数;末次给药1h后,将动物放入YLS-1A多功能小鼠自主活动记录仪,记录10 min内小鼠自主活动次数.结果:天麻钩藤降压胶囊低、中、高剂量给药均可明显降低SHR大鼠收缩压(P＜0.01);天麻钩藤降压胶囊高剂量组能明显延长戊巴比妥钠致小鼠睡眠时间,模型组和高剂量组分别为(42.70±12.23),(91.40±64.79) min,(P＜0.05),高剂量组延长硫代氨基脲所致小鼠惊厥潜伏期,模型组与高剂量组分别为(56.20±7.69),(68.70±19.34) min,(P＜0.05),对惊厥次数无显著影响;天麻钩藤降压胶囊对小鼠自主活动无明显影响.结论:天麻钩藤降压胶囊有一定的降压和镇静催眠作用.     

Midazolam for patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective, single-blind and randomized study to determine the appropriate amount and time of initiation of endoscopy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Midazolam is currently the most used sedative agent in endoscopy. The present study was designed to examine the appropriate dose of midazolam, time of initiation of endoscopy after midazolam infusion, and to prove the necessity of flumazenil as an antidote. METHODS: One hundred and eighty patients undergoing diagnostic gastroscopy were assigned three different amounts of intravenous midazolam in prospective, single-blinded and randomized setting as follows: (i) group I 0.03 mg/kg midazolam; (ii) group II 0.06 mg/kg midazolam; and (iii) group III 0.09 mg/kg midazolam. Endoscopy was initiated 30, 60 and 90 s after infusion of midazolam within each group. After endoscopy, patients were divided into two groups, one receiving flumazenil and one placebo in a double-blind fashion. The ease of the procedure, the conscious sedative state, the paradoxical response, the level of satisfaction and anterograde amnesia were assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale. RESULTS: The endoscopist's assessments were not changed by the different doses of midazolam; however, significant differences were observed in the paradoxical responses (P < 0.05). The level of satisfaction with endoscopy was notably different between group I and the other two groups (P < 0.05). Amnesia was boosted according with increasing doses of midazolam (P < 0.05). The time until discharge after endoscopy was significantly different between group III and the other two groups (P < 0.05) and the discharge time was reduced in the flumazenil subgroup compared with the placebo subgroup in group III (P < 0.05). Group II (0.06 mg/kg) reported good levels of satisfaction, fewer paradoxical responses and short discharge time without any side-effects. Comparing the time of initiation of endoscopy (at 30, 60 and 90 s after midazolam) in each group, there were no significant differences in the level of satisfaction, conscious sedative state and amnesia. CONCLUSIONS: Midazolam should be administered at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg and the endoscopy should be initiated 30 s after midazolam injection for appropriate effects without any side-effects. Flumazenil is not necessary, except in the case of the use of a high dose (above 0.09 mg/kg) of midazolam.     

失眠合并内分泌及代谢性疾病的中医诊治思路

失眠是当今临床常见疾病,其与内分泌及代谢性疾病常合并出现,相互影响。临床对合并有内分泌及代谢性疾病的失眠的治疗经验进行总结,中医治疗此类疾病时需要立足于阴阳基础理论,结合患者基础疾病的病机,重视安神药的灵活运用,方可取得良好的临床疗效。文章列举临床治疗验案加以说明。     

龙骨，磁石对小鼠镇静催眠作用的研究

目的：研究龙骨、磁石水煎剂对小鼠镇静催眠作用,并对两者进行比较。方法：采用行为药理为方法观察并测定龙骨、磁石对小鼠最大耐受量,对小鼠自发活动及对阈下剂量和阈剂量戊巴比妥钠催眠作用的影响。结果：ip龙骨、磁石水煎剂200g/kg小鼠最大耐受量倍数为667,龙骨、磁石水煎剂50、25g/kg等均可显著减少小鼠自发活动,能明显增加阈下剂量戊巴比妥纳小鼠的入睡率,可显著缩短戊嘏比妥钠小鼠的入时间并能延长其睡眠时间。结论 1）龙骨、磁石均对小鼠具有镇静催眠的作用;2）同浓度时龙骨的镇静催眠作用强于磁石。     

乌苏里黎芦碱对中枢神经系统的抑制作用

乌苏里黎芦碱２０ｕｇ／ｋｇ腹腔注射明显降低小鼠自发活动数，４０μｇ／ｋｇ ｉｐ可显著对抗苯甲酸钠咖因所致的运动性兴奋。４０μｇ／ｋｇ ｉｐ可加强戊巴比妥钠的催眠作用，增强氯丙嗪的中枢抑制作用，６０μｇ／ｋｇ可加强哌替啶的镇痛作用。