安神补脑液去除维生素B1前后对小鼠镇静、催眠作用及脑内RNA,DNA,蛋白质合成影响的比较

目的:探讨维生素B1(VB1)对安神补脑液功效的影响。方法:实验小鼠按体重随机分为7组,分别为正常组(蒸馏水),安神补脑液高、低剂量组(0.1,0.05 g·kg-1),不含VB1的安神补脑液高、低剂量组(0.1,0.05 g·kg-1),VB1口服液高、低剂量组(0.1,0.05 g·kg-1),每组10只。每日按体重ig给药1次,连续ig 10 d。通过小鼠自主活动实验观察各样品的镇静作用;戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠睡眠实验观察各样品的催眠作用;地衣酚(Orcinol)法测定脑组织中RNA含量、二苯胺显色法测定脑组织中DNA含量、福林酚(Lowry)法测定脑组织中蛋白质的含量。结果:与正常组比较,安神补脑液高、低剂量组、不含VB1的安神补脑液高、低剂量组自主活动次数明显减少,且具有显著性差异(P0.05),而VB1口服液高、低剂量组自主活动次数与正常组相比无显著性差异;安神补脑液高剂量组可明显增加小鼠戊巴比妥钠阈上剂量睡眠时间(P0.05),不含VB1的安神补脑液组对小鼠戊巴比妥钠阈上剂量睡眠时间有增加趋势,其他各组无明显差异;除安神补脑液低剂量组外,各组脑内DNA含量均明显增加(P0.01);不含VB1的安神补脑液高剂量组、VB1口服液高、低剂量组蛋白质含量明显增加(P0.01),其余各组无显著性差异;同时,各组对脑内RNA含量无明显影响。结论:不含VB1的安神补脑液和安神补脑液的镇静、催眠作用效果相当;同时,实验证明了不同工艺制备样品对小鼠脑组织中DNA,蛋白质合成有促进作用,对RNA的含量无影响。     

复方酸枣安神胶囊催眠作用实验研究

目的研究复方酸枣安神胶囊对小鼠的镇静催眠作用。方法采用小鼠自主活动记数法研究复方酸枣安神胶囊的镇静作用,通过直接诱导小鼠睡眠,观察阈上、阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠对小鼠睡眠的协同作用。结果复方酸枣安神胶囊能明显降低小鼠的自主活动次数,延长阈上剂量戊巴比妥钠小鼠的睡眠时间,减少睡眠潜伏期;未见对小鼠有明显直接诱导睡眠作用,但与阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠对小鼠睡眠具有明显的协同作用,使入睡小鼠个数显著增加。结论复方酸枣安神胶囊具有一定的镇静催眠作用。     

Effect of sedative-hypnotics,anesthetics and analgesics on sleep architecture in obstructive sleep apnea

The perioperative care of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients is currently receiving much attention due to an increased risk for complications. It is established that postoperative changes in sleep architecture occur and this may have pathophysiological implications for OSA patients. Upper airway muscle activity decreases during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Severe OSA patients exhibit exaggerated chemoreceptor-driven ventilation during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), which leads to central and obstructive apnea. This article critically reviewed the literature relevant to preoperative screening for OSA, prevalence of OSA in surgical populations and changes in postoperative sleep architecture relevant to OSA patients. In particular, we addressed three questions in regard to the effects of sedative-hypnotics, anesthetics and analgesics on sleep architecture, the underlying mechanisms and the relevance to OSA. Indeed, these classes of drugs alter sleep architecture, which likely significantly contributes to abnormal postoperative sleep architecture, exacerbation of OSA and postoperative complications.     

Hypnotic effects of total aqueous extracts of Vervain hastata (Verbenaceae) in rats

The in vivo sedative property of the total aqueous extract of the aerial portion of Vervain hastata (Verbenaceae) (TAEV) was studied in male rats to establish its scientific basis in herbal medicine. The investigation was conducted using electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, and the barbituric-hypnosis test. The results showed that TAEV potentiated the pentobarbital-induced hypnosis significantly by reducing sleep latency and increased sleeping time in a dose-dependent manner that was reversed by flumazenil. The EEG data demonstrated that extract administration augmented total sleep time, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep at the expense of wakefulness. The study's results clearly showed the scientific validity for the use of this plant as a sedative and possibly as a nerve tonic substance.     

VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS AS A MEASURE OF DRUG EFFECTS ON AROUSAL IN THE RABBIT

SUMMARY 1. Averaged evoked potentials in response to light flashes were recorded from the scalp in conscious, restrained rabbits. Six sedative and three stimulant drugs were administered intravenously and their effects on the evoked potential were measured
2. All six sedative drugs reduced the amplitude of the surface-negative wave occurring 150–200 ms after the stimulus, whereas all three stimulants increased the size of this component. No such consistency was found in drug effects on the early surface-positive wave.
3. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the size of certain components of sensory averaged evoked potentials is related to the level of behavioural arousal.     

Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination

Kava and valerian are herbal remedies that are claimed to have anxiolytic and sedative properties respectively, without dependence potential or any appreciable side effects. In this pilot study, 24 patients suffering from stress-induced insomnia were treated for 6 weeks with kava (LI-150), 120 mg daily. This was followed by a 2-week 'wash-out' period off treatment, and then, five patients having dropped out, 19 received valerian (LI-156), 600 mg daily, for another 6 weeks. Then there was a further 2-week period off treatment, and a final 6 weeks of treatment of these 19 patients with the two compounds combined (kava + valerian). Stress was measured in three areas: social, personal and life events; insomnia in three areas also: time to fall asleep, hours slept and waking mood. Total stress severity was significantly relieved by both compounds individually (p < 0.01), with no significant differences between them; and there was also improvement with the combination, significant in the case of insomnia (p < 0.05). On direct questioning, 16 patients (67%) reported no side effects on kava, 10 (53%) on valerian and 10 (53%) on the combination. The 'commonest' effect was vivid dreams with kava + valerian (4 cases (21%)) and with valerian alone (3 cases (16%)), followed by gastric discomfort and dizziness with kava (3 cases each (3 %)). These results are considered to be extremely promising but further studies may be required to determine the relative roles of the two compounds for such indications. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Neurophysiological effects of an extract of Eschscholzia californica Cham. (Papaveraceae)

An aqueous alcohol extract of Eschscholzia californica (Ec) has been evaluated for benzodiazepine, neuroleptic, antidepressant, antihistaminic and analgesic properties, in order to complete the study of the sedative and anxiolytic effects previously demonstrated. The plant extract did not protect mice against the convulsant effects of pentylenetetrazol, and did not cause muscle relaxant effects but appeared to possess an affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor: thus, flumazenil, an antagonist of these receptors, suppressed the sedative and anxiolytic effects of the extract. The Ec extract induced peripheral analgesic effects in mice but did not possess antidepressant, neuroleptic or antihistaminic effects.     

生栀子、焦栀子50%和95%乙醇洗脱部位药效学比较研究

目的:对炮制前后变化明显的组分50%和95%乙醇洗脱部位(简称部位)进行药效学比较研究,为阐明栀子的炮制原理和栀子饮片的合理应用提供科学依据。方法:采用抗炎、镇静、凝血及化学性肝损伤等指标,观察生栀子、焦栀子50%和95%部位作用的差别。结果:生栀子、焦栀子50%和95%部位对小鼠炎症反应有较好的抑制作用,对小鼠镇静作用不明显,对四氯化碳造成的肝损伤没有保护作用,焦栀子95%部位有明显的促进血液凝固的作用。结论:生栀子、焦栀子两个洗脱部位抗炎作用较好,对镇静和肝损伤作用不明显。焦栀子95%部位凝血作用明显,有较好的止血功效。     

Procedural sedation practices in Australian Emergency Departments

Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe procedural sedation practices undertaken in a spectrum of Australian EDs. Methods: Eleven Australian EDs enrolled consecutive adult and paediatric patients between January 2006 and December 2008. Patients were included if a sedative drug was administered for an ED procedure. Data collection was prospective and used a specifically designed data collection document. Results: 2623 patients were enrolled. 1581 were male (60.3%, 95% CI 58.4–62.2) and the mean patient age was 39.2 (SD 25.2) years. Reductions of fracture/dislocated shoulders (694 cases, 26.7%), wrist/forearm fractures (403, 15.5%) and tibia/fibula fractures (341, 13.1%) were the most common procedures. Procedures were supervised by consultants and registrars in 1424 (54.3%) and 1025 (39.1%) cases, respectively. Of 2413 patients with complete fasting status data, 1252 (51.9%, 95% CI 49.9–53.9) patients had consumed food or fluid in the previous 6 h. 1399 (53.3%, 95% CI 51.4–55.3) patients received pre‐procedural medication. Pre‐procedural morphine (894, 34.1%) exceeded fentanyl use (323, 12.3%), both as a sole agent and in combination with another agent. The principal sedatives used alone were propofol (857, 38.5%), midazolam (224, 10%) and ketamine (165, 7.4%). Ketamine and nitrous oxide were most commonly used in children with propofol, midazolam and opiates largely restricted to adults (P < 0.001). The intra‐procedural use of adjunct fentanyl exceeded that of morphine (ratio 4:1). Conclusions: Procedural sedation practice across Australian EDs is varies considerably. Procedural sedation ‘best practice’ guidelines, based upon the findings of the present study and the available evidence, are recommended.