血液透析病人透析器首次使用综合征预处理的探讨

目的探讨减少血液透析病人出现透析器首次使用综合征 (FUS)的护理方法。方法将首次使用透析器的 10 8例病人随机分为治疗组与对照组各 5 4例。治疗组在血液透析前予地塞米松 5mg加入 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 5 0 0ml中循管 10min ;对照组仅用 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 5 0 0ml循管 10min。结果治疗组FUS发生率 3.7% ,对照组31.5 % ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;两组均无出血征象 ,透析开始后 1、2hAPTT值比较 ,差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论血液透析病人第 1次透析或更换不同类型透析器时使用地塞米松 5mg加入 0 .9%氯化钠注射液 5 0 0ml中循管 10min的预处理方式能减少FUS的发生 ,且不增加出血风险。     

血液透析器重复使用的临床研究

为了研究透析器重复使用对终末期慢性肾功能衰竭接受血液透析患者体能的作用，动态观察透析器膜材料首次使用和使用不同消毒剂透析器膜材料重复使用对血液白细胞、血小板、补体Ｃ３、过氧化物岐化酶影响。结果表明：透析器膜材料血液生物相容性的改变与透析器膜材料的种类有关，透析器膜材料重复使用后血液生物相容性与消毒剂的种类有关，而与复用的次数无关。过氧化物岐化酶在透析器重复使用１５ｍｉｎ时比透析器首次使用下降百分率更明显，Ｐ值＜０．０１。透析器复用是影响患者长期存活的重要因素之一。     

血液透析机智能维护及维修管理系统

开发血液透析机智能维护及维修管理系统,对临床血液透析机进行电子管理,高效地保证了透析机工作的正常运行。系统软件前端开发平台采用可视化编程工具VisulBasic,软件开发工具为VisualC 。后台数据库使用MicrsoftAccess2000,前端通过ADO或ODBC连接后台数据;系统包括基本维修模块、维护模块,数据录入模块、数据检索模块,数据统计模块等。血液透析机智能维护及维修管理系统采用面向对象的程序设计方法和界面设计功能,主界面简明、高效、提示明确,仪器资料完整,数据格式规范,查询检索方便。血液透析机智能维护及维修管理系统能够方便的对血液透析机进行电子管理,保证了透析机工作的正常运行。     

DBB-26血液透析机水路图原理分析

本文详细分析了日机装(Nikkiso)JDBB-26血液透析机水路图原理，充分说明各个元器件的工作状态、作用及有关参数。     

Severe Reactions to Cuprophan Capillary Dialyzers

Five severe reactions occurred in four maintenance hemodialysis patients 1 to 5 minutes after initiating dialysis with Cuprophan capillary dialyzers. All reactions were life-threatening and one resulted in death. Inadequate rinsing of the dialyzers was probably the cause of the reactions. The severe reactions were managed by immediate discontinuation of dialysis and the institution of supportive treatment. Antianaphylactic measures were also attempted, but their therapeutic effectiveness remains to be determined.     

Residual Formaldehyde in Dialyzers: Quantity, Location, and the Effect of Different Methods of Rinsing

When formalin-sterilized dialyzers were rinsed by our standard technique (similar to that used in many other dialysis centres) undesirable concentrations of formaldehyde were found in the dialyzers at the start of dialysis. When the technique was modified by passing part of the saline through the blood compartment immediately before connection and discarding the saline left in the dialyzer at the time of connection, the concentration of formaldehyde infused into the patient fell below 2 μg/ml. However, the dialyzers still contained up to 13 mg of formaldehyde which leached slowly from the dialyzer during simulated dialysis. Some residual formaldehyde was found in several components of the dialyzer but the great majority was contained in the cellulose membrane.     

Oxidative Stress in Hemodialyzed Patients and the Long-Term Effects of Dialyzer Reuse Practice

Objectives: To investigate the existence of an altered oxidant/antioxidant balance in patients on regular hemodialysis treatment (RHT) and whether there is any effect of dialyzer reuse on oxidative damage and antioxidative mechanism.

Design and methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in both plasma and erythrocytes, plasma selenium (Se) levels, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of RHT patients were determined at the beginning and end of 4-month reuse period.

Results: When compared to healthy controls, both plasma and erythrocyte MDA levels were found to be significantly higher in RHT patients before the dialyzer reuse practice; whereas both plasma and erythrocyte GPx activities, erythrocyte SOD activity, and also plasma Se levels were lower in the same patient group than those of controls. When statistical comparison was made on RHT patients between before and after the reuse period, the decreases in MDA levels but increases in the enzyme activities and also an increase in plasma Se levels were observed after the reuse period. However, erythrocyte SOD activities and plasma Se levels measured after the reuse period were not found to be statistically different from the control values; MDA levels still remained elevated above the control values, and GPx activities were not attained to those of controls, after the reuse practice. In addition, positive correlations were found between activities of erythrocyte SOD and GPx enzymes, between GPx and Se levels and negative correlations between the activities of both enzymes and MDA levels in erythrocytes of patients on RHT.

Conclusion: These findings may indicate that dialyzer reuse may provide, at least partly, an improvement on oxidative stress in patients on RHT.     

国产高通量聚醚砜血液透析器对尿毒症患者进行血液透析的随机双盲对照试验

目的比较尿毒症患者使用国产高通量聚醚砜透析器和进口聚砜膜血液透析器在血液透析中的有效性和安全性。方法选择符合标准的血液透析患者40例,采用随机数字表法生成随机顺序, 将患者随机分为聚醚砜组和聚砜组各20例,分别使用国产高通量聚醚砜血液透析器和进口聚砜膜血液透析器进行高通量透析4 h。以肌酐、尿素氮和血β2微球蛋白下降和透析前后外周血Hb、Alb等指标的变化进行疗效和安全性评估。结果本研究纳入的40例全部完成试验,无一例失访。结果显示,两组受试者在使用两种透析器透析后均可使血肌酐、尿素氮和血β2微球蛋白下降,且两组的下降幅度相当(P均>0．05)。反应透析充分性的指标KT／V值的变化也显示两组透析的充分程度相当(P>0．05);而透析安全性的指标如血Hb、Alb和血压,在两组透析前后差异无统计学意义。结论高通量聚醚砜透析器对尿毒症患者进行高通量透析,其疗效和安全性与高通量聚砜透析器相当。     

A Retrospective Study on Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent Dose Reducing Potential of an Anti‐Platelet Activation Membrane Dialyzer in Hemodialysis Patients

Our previous small‐scale trial demonstrated an erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA)‐sparing potential of the TORAYLIGHT NV (NV) dialyzer in hemodialysis patients with high interleukin‐6 levels. We now retrospectively explored this ESA‐sparing potential of the NV dialyzer in 122 and 129 prevalent dialysis patients who were on the NV and conventional polysulfone (PS) dialyzers, respectively, for 12 months. ESA resistance index (ERI) increased with the PS dialyzers whereas neither ERI nor ESA dose changed with the NV dialyzer. Analyses of baseline ERI or ESA dose‐based subgroups revealed a decrease in ERI and ESA dose with the NV dialyzer in patients with a baseline ERI ≥12 IU·dL/week·kg·g Hb (P < 0.05) and in those with a baseline ESA dose >6000 IU/week (P < 0.001), respectively. Neither ERI nor ESA dose improved in the corresponding subgroups on the PS dialyzers. These findings suggest that NV dialyzer can improve ESA responsiveness in hemodialysis patients with advanced ESA resistance.     

国产PES14LF聚醚砜透析器对血液透析患者疗效和安全性的临床随机对照试验

目的 评价国产PES14LF聚醚砜低通量透析器对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者的疗效和安全性。 方法 选择上海两家医院72例MHD患者为研究对象,进行随机平行对照试验。试验组采用国产PES14LF透析器,对照组采用德国F6聚砜膜透析器。检测透析器尿素、肌酐、磷清除率和下降比率,以及试验前后实验室指标。观察及记录不良反应。 结果 两组间尿素、肌酐清除率差异均无统计学意义。试验组磷清除率显著大于对照组[（144.57±27.83） ml/min比（117.15±22.77） ml/min,P < 0.05]。试验组尿素下降比率大于65%。两组间尿素、肌酐、磷下降比率差异均无统计学意义。两组间尿素清除有效率和尿素下降比有效率差异均无统计学意义。两组治疗前后实验室评价指标均无明显变化,不良事件少而程度轻,无不良反应。结论 国产PES14LF聚醚砜低通量透析器临床使用安全、有效。