Carbetocin reduces the need for additional uterotonics in elective caesarean delivery: a systematic review,meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised controlled trials

BackgroundCarbetocin has been found to be superior to oxytocin in terms of need for additional uterotonics and prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at caesarean delivery. However, this is based on combined data from labouring and non-labouring parturients and it remains unclear how effective carbetocin is in the purely elective setting. The aim of this review was to compare carbetocin to oxytocin in elective caesarean delivery.MethodsMedline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane databases were searched for randomised controlled trials in any language. The primary outcome was need for additional uterotonics. Secondary outcomes were mean blood loss, need for blood transfusion and incidence of postpartum haemorrhage >1000 mL.ResultsNine studies with a total of 1962 patients were included. Trial sequential analysis confirmed that the information size (n=1692) had surpassed that required (n=1166) in order to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in the use of additional uterotonics. Need for additional uterotonics was reduced by 53% with carbetocin compared to oxytocin (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.64; P <0.001, I²=63.5). The number needed-to-treat was 11. The risk of bias, data heterogeneity and inconsistency in reporting bleeding outcomes made it difficult to reach definite conclusions about prevention of PPH.ConclusionsCarbetocin is associated with a reduced need for additional uterotonics when compared with oxytocin at elective caesarean delivery. Standardisation of bleeding-related outcomes in studies is necessary to facilitate synthesis of data in future analyses.     

Key Social Determinants to Narrow the Gap between Health-adjusted Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy in Megacities

ObjectiveImprovement in the quality of life is reflected in the narrowing of the gap between health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and life expectancy (LE). The effect of megacity expansion on narrowing the gap is rarely reported. This study aimed to disclose this potential relationship.MethodsAnnual life tables were constructed from identified death records and population counts from multiple administrative sources in Guangzhou, China, from 2010 to 2020. Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend. Generalized principal component analysis and multilevel models were applied to examine the county-level association between the gap and social determinants.ResultsAlthough LE and HALE in megacities are increasing steadily, their gap is widening. Socio-economic and health services are guaranteed to narrow this gap. Increasing personal wealth, a growing number of newborns and healthy immigrants, high urbanization, and healthy aging have helped in narrowing this gap.ConclusionIn megacities, parallel LE and HALE growth should be highly considered to narrow their gap. Multiple social determinants need to be integrated as a whole to formulate public health plans.     

Self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding: A concept analysis

To increase the overall rate of breastfeeding initiation and duration, factors involved in a mother's decision to breastfeed must be identified. Self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding was a concept selected for exploring factors associated with negative views of breastfeeding. A concept analysis following the eight‐step Walker & Avant method provides clarity and context to the concept of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding. The antecedents of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding include living in a culture of sexualization and objectification of women and the internalization of the values of objectification. Attributes of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding are a prioritization of physical appearance attributes of the breast over the health benefits of breastfeeding and a preoccupation with physical appearance. Consequences include negative views toward breastfeeding initiation, duration, and public breastfeeding. A concept analysis on self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding will provide definition and clarity to this phenomenon, lend to theory and measurement, and add literature to the sociocultural factors impacting breastfeeding decisions.     

2009-2019年西安市肺结核流行特征及治疗转归分析

目的 了解2009-2019年西安市肺结核的流行特征及治疗转归情况，为完善西安市肺结核防治策略提供依据。方法 收集2009-2019年《传染病信息管理系统》中登记的肺结核患者病案信息数据，通过描述性研究方法对肺结核流行病学特征和治疗转归情况进行分析。结果 2009-2019年间西安市肺结核年平均发病率为49.06/10万。郊县、郊区、城区肺结核年平均发病率分别为54.13/10万、47.46/10万和46.19/10万；男性发病率是女性的1.85倍。职业分布排在前5位的为农民（47.48%），家政、家务及待业（14.65%），离退人员（9.55%），学生（8.63%）和工人（5.23%）。利福平敏感或耐药性未知患者的成功治疗率平均为98.03%，利福平耐药患者治疗成功率为51.47%。结论 西安市近年来肺结核发病率和治疗率呈增长趋势，利福平耐药患者治疗成功率较低，要加强对重点人群的健康促进工作，加大肺结核发现力度及患者治疗管理工作。     

四妙勇安汤方源探析

四妙勇安汤由金银花、玄参、当归、甘草4味药物组成,为《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》中100个经典名方之一。经溯源发现,四妙勇安汤源于《石室秘录》,后由《古今图书集成·医部全录》《验方新编》等书引用。从古代文献记载来看均有方无名,"四妙勇安汤"之名,最早见于1956年《中医治疗动脉栓塞性坏疽症的成效》,是由当时记者吕民报道河北省释迦宝山用"四妙勇安汤"治疗当地的动脉栓塞性坏疽时冠名。四妙勇安汤从方药组成与剂量上看,从《石室秘录》开始即是"金银花三两,当归二两,生甘草一两,玄参三两",历代版本《方剂学》确定四妙勇安汤金银花、玄参、当归、甘草的比例就是3∶3∶2∶1。而查阅文献,释迦宝山临证所用的四妙勇安汤由"玄参132 g,当归99 g,银花66 g,甘草33 g"组成,金银花、玄参、当归、甘草的比例变成2∶4∶3∶1。从治疗时间上看,原方记载的7日愈或是10日愈,而释迦宝山将其用到了三四个月,甚至五六个月。研究认为,古籍中的四妙勇安汤,应该是用于疾病的初期,尽早发现和治疗;而释迦宝山修改过的剂量,是广泛用于脱骨疽的中后期,甚至出现坏疽的严重病情所使用的,因此服药时间长,剂量大。且四妙勇安汤临证不仅限于治疗脱骨疽,也用于大头疮等,现代该方的使用已经大为拓展。相关研究已证实四妙勇安汤具有抗炎、稳定斑块、降脂、保护血管、改善血液流变学、抗凝、抑制血栓形成和促纤溶等作用,后续应开展君臣佐使辨析,对其临床应用范围重新进行界定。