注射用三磷酸胞苷二钠有关物质检验方法的建立

目的:建立注射用三磷酸胞苷二钠(CTP-Na2)有关物质检验方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,以C18为填充柱,以含反相离子对试剂的磷酸盐缓冲液为流动相[0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈(90∶10)];流速:1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长:271 nm;柱温:35℃,采用校正因子计算有关物质。结果:CTP-Na 2在0.093~1.860 mg·mL^-1范围内,溶液的浓度与峰面积的线性关系良好,r=0.9997;平均回收率为99.6%(RSD=1.5%,n=9),CTP-Na2对照品溶液在25 h内的稳定性良好(RSD=0.7%);CTP-Na2及主要降解杂质二磷酸胞苷二钠(CDP-Na2)、单磷酸胞苷二钠(CMP-Na2)的方法定量限分别为4.1、2.1、2.8 ng,检出限分别为0.82、0.16、0.22 ng。结论:现行质量标准中有关物质项存在诸多问题,新建的检测方法操作简便、灵敏度高,可用于质量控制。     

国产注射用盐酸头孢甲肟质量评价

目的 评价国内不同企业生产的注射用盐酸头孢甲肟的质量及存在问题。方法 根据国家评价性抽验计划要求,采用法定标准检验结合探索性研究对样品进行检验,并统计分析检验结果。结果 共抽取130批次样品,按法定标准检验,合格率100%。探索性研究结果表明杂质的含量、聚合物的量与溶液的颜色有一定的相关性;研究了主要杂质的来源和结构;建议现行标准修订有关物质和残留溶剂方法,增加碳酸钠含量测定。结论 目前国内的注射用头孢甲肟的总体质量一般;为提升药物的有效性和安全性,现行标准应进一步提高。     

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析头孢美唑钠中有关物质

目的 建立UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析头孢美唑钠原料中有关物质及其可能结构的方法。方法 应用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)对头孢美唑钠原料中有关物质进行分析。采用Agilent XDB-C18 RRHD色谱柱(2.1mm×100mm, 1.8μm),以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水(13:87)为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速为0.15mL/min,检测波长254nm,柱温40℃。结果 在原料药中共检出并推断出12种有关物质的化学结构,并解析了其裂解规律。结论 该方法快速、可靠、高效,适用于头孢美唑钠原料中有关物质的检查和结构解析,可为其质量控制和工艺优化提供参考。     

Young athletes' awareness and monitoring of anti‐doping in daily life: Does motivation matter?

This study was a preliminarily investigation into the prevention of unintentional doping on the basis of self‐determination theory (SDT). Specifically, we examined the relationship between athletes' motives for doping avoidance and their behavior when offered an unfamiliar food product. Participants were young Australian athletes (n = 410) that were offered a free lollipop prior to completing a questionnaire. It was noted whether participants refused to take or eat the lollipop and whether they read the ingredients of the lollipop. The questionnaire assessed autonomous and controlled forms of motivation, amotivation, doping intentions, and adherence regarding doping avoidance behaviors. The results showed that young athletes who adopted controlled reasons to avoid doping in sport (e.g., not getting caught) tended to report higher adherence to behaviors related to avoiding and monitoring banned substances, whereas those who adopted autonomous reasons (e.g., anti‐doping being consistent with life goals) appeared to be more willing to read the ingredients of the provided food. The significant interaction effect between autonomous and controlled motivation indicated that autonomous motivation was more predictive to doping intention for athletes with low controlled motivation. It is concluded that SDT may help understand the motivational processes of the prevention of unintentional doping in sport.     

Application of an activity‐based receptor bioassay to investigate the in vitro activity of selected indole‐ and indazole‐3‐carboxamide‐based synthetic cannabinoids at CB1 and CB2 receptors

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are the most chemically diverse group of new psychoactive substances. This group has been associated with several intoxications, many with fatal outcomes. Although advancements have been achieved in pharmacology, metabolism, and detection of these compounds in recent years, these aspects are still unresolved for many SCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro potency of 14 indole‐ and indazole‐based SCs by applying a stable CB1 or CB2 receptor activation assay and correlating the activity with their structure. The half‐maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 5‐chloropentyl, 5‐bromopentyl, and 5‐iodopentyl JWH‐122 analogs varied from 74.1 to 283.7 nM for CB1 and 7.05 to 23.4 nM for CB2, where the addition of a chlorine atom enhanced the potency at CB1 compared with the bromo and iodo analogs. AM‐2201 was the most active at CB1 within this naphthoylindole family, with an EC₅₀ of 23.5 nM but with the lowest efficacy (E_max 98.8%). Within the indole‐3‐carboxamide derivatives, 5F‐MDMB‐PICA was the most active compound, with a CB1/CB2 EC₅₀ of 3.26/0.87 nM and an E_max around three times higher than JWH‐018. ADB‐FUBINACA was the most potent tested SC overall, with a CB1/CB2 EC₅₀ of 0.69/0.59 nM, and an E_max around 3‐fold higher than that for JWH‐018 at CB1. The data obtained in this study confirm how small differences in the structure of SCs might lead to large differences in their activity, especially at CB1, which may be correlated with differences in their toxic effects in humans.     

Characterization and in vitro phase I microsomal metabolism of designer benzodiazepines: An update comprising flunitrazolam,norflurazepam, and 4'‐chlorodiazepam (Ro5–4864)

The number of newly appearing benzodiazepine derivatives on the new psychoactive substances (NPS) drug market has increased over the last couple of years totaling 23 ‘designer benzodiazepines’ monitored at the end of 2017 by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. In the present study, three benzodiazepines [flunitrazolam, norflurazepam, and 4′‐chlorodiazepam (Ro5–4864)] offered as ‘research chemicals' on the Internet were characterized and their main in vitro phase I metabolites tentatively identified after incubation with pooled human liver microsomes. For all compounds, the structural formula declared by the vendor was confirmed by gas chromatography?mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography?tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS), liquid chromatography?quadrupole time of flight?mass spectrometry (LC?QTOF?MS) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The metabolic steps of flunitrazolam were monohydroxylation, dihydroxylation, and reduction of the nitro function. The detected in vitro phase I metabolites of norflurazepam were hydroxynorflurazepam and dihydroxynorflurazepam. 4’‐Chlorodiazepam biotransformation consisted of N‐dealkylation and hydroxylation. It has to be noted that 4′‐chlorodiazepam and its metabolites show almost identical LC–MS/MS fragmentation patterns to diclazepam and its metabolites (delorazepam, lormetazepam, and lorazepam), making a sufficient chromatographic separation inevitable. Sale of norflurazepam, the metabolite of the prescribed benzodiazepines flurazepam and fludiazepam, presents the risk of incorrect interpretation of analytical findings.     

Metabolic fate of the new synthetic cannabinoid 7’N‐5F‐ADB in rat,human, and pooled human S9 studied by means of hyphenated high‐resolution mass spectrometry

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are an important issue in clinical/forensic toxicology. 7’N‐5F‐ADB, a synthetic cannabinoid derived from 5F‐ADB, appeared recently on the market. Up to now, no data about its mass spectral fragmentation pattern, metabolism, and thus suitable targets for toxicological urine screenings have been available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolic fate of 7’N‐5F‐ADB in rat, human, and pooled human S9 (pS9). The main human urinary excretion products, which can be used as targets for toxicological screening procedures, were identified by Orbitrap (OT)‐based liquid chromatography–high resolution‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS). In addition, possible differentiation of 7’N‐5F‐ADB and 5F‐ADB via LC–HRMS/MS was studied. Using the in vivo and in vitro models for metabolism studies, 36 metabolites were tentatively identified. 7’N‐5F‐ABD was extensively metabolized in rat and human with minor species differences observed. The unchanged parent compound could be found in human urine but metabolites were far more abundant. The most abundant ones were the hydrolyzed ester (M5), the hydrolyzed ester in combination with hydroxylation of the tertiary butyl part (M11), and the hydrolyzed ester in addition to glucuronidation (M30). Besides the parent compound, these metabolites should be used as targets for urine‐based toxicological screening procedures. Two urine‐paired human plasma samples contained mainly the parent compound (c = 205 μg/L, 157 μg/L) and, at a higher abundance, the compound after ester hydrolysis (M5). In pS9 incubations, the parent compound, M5, and M30 were detectable among others. Furthermore, a differentiation of both compounds was possible due to different retention times and fragmentation patterns.     

HPLC法测定依达拉奉注射液中的有关物质

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定依达拉奉注射液的有关物质。方法 采用Agilent SB-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相A为0.05 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用三乙胺调节pH值至7.0）,流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL﹒min^-1,检测波长为243 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 依达拉奉及各杂质均能有效分离,在相应的浓度范围峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,平均回收率在95%～105%范围内。结论 该方法专属性强,简便可靠、灵敏、准确,适用于依达拉奉注射液中的有关物质的测定。     

医疗器械可沥滤物安全性研究（三）：允许限量建立

随着新材料、新设计等创新性医疗器械产品的不断涌现,可沥滤物的安全性研究也面临新的挑战,其中可沥滤物允许限量的建立是医疗器械安全性评价研究的重要方面。结合现有产品的审评,简述高分子医疗器械可沥滤物安全性研究中允许限量的建立环节中的常见问题,并对其原因进行解析,供相关机构及研发人员参考使用。     

HPLC法测定塞来昔布原料药中有关物质

目的建立测定塞来昔布原料药中有关物质的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。方法建立HPLC法,采用Century SIL C30色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:水(A)–乙腈(B)–甲醇(C),梯度洗脱;体积流量:1.0mL/min;检测波长:215 nm;柱温:25℃;进样量:20μL。结果塞来昔布与各杂质的分离度良好,且在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好。塞来昔布和杂质A、B、C、D、F的定量限分别为198.0、161.2、240.0、239.4、203.5、156.8 ng/mL,检测限分别为40.3、50.0、39.9、61.0、39.2、24.8ng/mL。结论本法操作简单,准确度、灵敏度高,可用于塞来昔布原料药中有关物质的分离检测。