Practical approach to recurrent respiratory infections

Respiratory diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Recurrent respiratory infections in children pose a great challenge to the pediatrician where he has to exercise his clinical acumen and methodical, approach, for correct diagnosis and treatment. It is a fact that children should suffer 7 to 8 upper respiratory infections per year until they are 5 years of age when their immune status reaches adult level. In this situation, it is essential to find out whether the frequencies are abnormal. Whenever a child has the following, problems, then only it needs to be investigated.—(a) repeated bacterial pneumonias; (b) a child less than 3 months old having repeated respiratory infections; (c) a child of 9 months old without a history of exposure infections; (d) infections, complicating into bronchiectasis and; (e) in a child where there is no history of allergy or asthma. Once the problem is established as a true recurrent respiratory infection, the clinician should pose questions—whether it is chronic, acute or recurrent, to find out the site of pathology, seriousness of the problem, response to previous medications, to establish the possible diagnosis which fall into six categories—congenital anamolies, aspiration syndrome, genital disorders, immunological, diseases, immune deficiency disorders and allergic diseases. The author discusses quoting some examples for various categories avoiding non pulmonary causes for recurrent respiratory infections in children.     

Figures of merit to compare distributed linear inverse solutions

Summary This paper introduces the concept of the resolution matrix as the basis for an objective theoretical comparison of distributed linear inverse solutions to the neuroelectromagnetic inverse problem. In particular, we describe how figures of merit derived from the resolution matrices can be represented graphically to evaluate merits and shortcomings of the different solutions. The use of the figures of merit is illustrated with two solutions that consider minimal a priori information about the generators: Classical Minimum Norm and Backus Gilbert. We recommend to start any analysis with the individual exploration of the resolution kernel for each grid point or at least for those points where the activity is likely to occur. This analysis might help in selecting the optimal inverse for the sources that are supposed to be active in the process under study.This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Klinische Forschergruppe Biomagnetismus and Biosignalanalyse). Partial support was received from Swiss National Foundation grant 4038-044081/1.     

Alcohol and recreational drug use by HIV-seropositive homosexual men

The objectives of this study were to describe the patterns of alcohol and recreational drug use of HIV-seropositive homosexual men and to determine the effect of alcohol use on HIV risk-taking behaviour. Of particular interest was the effect of knowledge of HIV status on these behaviours. Information on alcohol and drug use was obtained from 485 HIV-seropositive homosexual and bisexual men presenting to a HIV-antibody testing and medical management clinic. Heavy alcohol use was common, with 46.2% reporting consumption of six or more standard drinks on one day recently. Men who knew that they were HIV infected drank significantly more than those men who had yet to learn of their HIV status at the time of interview. There was clear evidence in this study for a role of alcohol use in HIV risk-taking behaviour. Almost one-third (27%) of the HIV-seropositive men reported unprotected anal intercourse during the previous 3 months with approximately one-third of these (27/76, 35·5%) nominating alcohol as contributing to their high HIV-risk behaviour.     

新药研究开发中有关问题的思考

目的 :促进我国新药研究开发工作的有效开展。方法 :对与新药研究开发有关的几个问题分别加以讨论。结果与结论 :新药研究开发应结合我国的实际情况 ,仿创并举 ,尽快走向以创为主。     

The Effects of the Going Places Program on Early Adolescent Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior

This study evaluated the effects of a school-based intervention on growth trajectories of smoking, drinking, and antisocial behavior among early adolescents. Seven middle schools were randomized to intervention or comparison conditions and students in two successive cohorts (n = 1484) provided five waves of data from sixth to ninth grade. The Going Places Program, included classroom curricula, parent education, and school environment components. Latent growth curve analyses demonstrated significant treatment group effects, including reducing increases in friends who smoke, outcome expectations for smoking, and smoking progression, but had non-significant effects on drinking or antisocial behavior. The Going Places Program was effective in preventing increases in smoking progression, but its efficacy as a more cross-cutting problem behavior preventive intervention was not confirmed.     

Multiple representations of information in the primary auditory cortex of cats. II. Stability and change in early (<32 ms), rapid components of activity after conditioning with a click conditioned stimulus

Activity was recorded from single units of the A(I) cortex of awake animals to identify early (<32 ms) components of the population response to a 70 dB click and establish if they changed after using the click as a CS for conditioning. A 70 dB hiss was used as a discriminative stimulus. Responses to these stimuli were compared before and after a forward order of pairing that produced conditioning and a backward order of pairing that produced weak sensitization (backward conditioning). Averages of discharges in 2 and 4 ms bins distinguished primary (8-12 ms) from secondary (12-16 ms) temporal components of response to the click, and confirmed that the onset of the response was shorter in A(I) (8 ms, mean of 647 units) than in the adjacent, A(II) cortex (16 ms, mean of 95 units). (All times include a 1.6 ms transmission delay in sound arrival.) Primary and secondary components of A(I) responses to click did not change uniformly after changes in behavioral state, and were affected differently by both conditioning and backward conditioning. The percentage of cells with onsets of response to the click at secondary latencies (and to the hiss at tertiary latencies) increased after backward conditioning but not after conditioning, as did the magnitude of activity in response to the click. (The latter had a lesser degree of increase after conditioning.) The primary response to the click did not show these increases. The non-uniform changes suggested that temporal processing of the click was conducted differently in the 8-12 ms post stimulus period than in the 12-16 ms period. Within the total population of cells, it was possible to identify a small subgroup (13%) of highly auditory-responsive units that showed an increased primary response to the click as a CS selectively after conditioning and not after backward conditioning. The secondary component of response in these cells increased after both conditioning and backward conditioning. The percentages of cells responding to the click and hiss at primary latencies did not change significantly after conditioning, even in the subgroup of highly responsive cells. The results characterize differently timed components of rapid responses to acoustic stimuli in the A(I) cortex, disclose significant temporal differences in primary, secondary and tertiary information processing that affect the representations of the transmitted acoustic message across different behavioral states, and find one representation in a small subgroup of cells that supports the hypothesis that cells of the A(I) cortex have a selectively potentiated response to the CS after conditioning.     

上网儿童行为问题调查分析

目的 了解上网儿童行为问题现状及网络对儿童行为问题产生的影响.方法 用整群抽样的方法,抽取城镇中学初一学生1 228人,采用自编问卷、Achenbach儿童行为量表,按是否上网将研究对象分为上网组和不上网组,比较两组的行为问题检出率、两组中不同性别行为问题及各种Achenbach儿童行为问题因子构成.结果 上网学生占总人数的35.59%;男、女生上网组行为问题发生率要高于不上网组(χ2=4.51,P＜0.05和χ2=5.22,P＜0.01),上网组发生两种行为问题的比例要高于不上网组(P＜0.05);男生中,交往不良、多动、体诉、违纪和攻击性等行为问题发生率要高于不上网组(P＜0 05);女生中,上网组在体诉、违纪、抑郁退缩和焦虑强迫等行为问题发生率高于不上网组(P＜0.05).结论 网络对儿童行为问题产生有很大的影响,可导致儿童发生多种行为问题,行为问题发生率升高.     

苏州市4～5岁流动人口家庭儿童行为问题与家庭环境关系的研究

目的了解苏州市4～5岁流动人口家庭儿童行为问题发生率与家庭环境关系。方法采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表、自制家庭环境问卷对244名4～5岁流动人口家庭儿童和282名4—5岁常驻儿童的行为及家庭环境进行调查，对结果进行多元回归分析。结果流动人口家庭儿童行为问题发生率明显高于常驻儿童。影响流动人口家庭儿童行为问题的因素有父母职业、婚姻状况、母亲的生育年龄、是否为亲生母亲和独生子女、家庭经济收入、家庭结构、儿童健康状况、主要抚养人以及学历等。这些影响存在明显的性别差异。结论提示要加强流动人口家庭儿童的心理卫生宣传教育和管理，可通过改善家庭环境因素，帮助儿童建立良好的行为，减少行为问题的发生。     

学龄前儿童气质与行为问题的关系探讨

【目的】探讨学龄前儿童气质与行为问题的关系，分析气质特征及其在儿童行为问题发生中的作用。【方法】采用《NYLS3～7岁儿童气质问卷》及《Conners’儿童行为家长问卷》对长春市四所幼儿园737名学龄前儿童进行测查。【结果】行为问题儿童与对照组儿章气质类型分布差异有显著性（P〈0．05），在行为问题组中难养型的比例明显增多且在活动水平、规律性、趋避性、反应强度、情绪本质、注意分散度这六个维度的得分与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。不同气质类型儿童在品行问题、心身障碍、冲动多动、焦虑和学习问题这五个因子的得分比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。【结论】行为问题儿童的气质类型以难养型居多并存其独特性．应根据其气质特点，采取相应的教育措施。     

针灸治疗学教学中存在的问题及对策

针灸治疗学教学中存在的问题是:理论与临床分离;教学与科研脱节;教材与临床不符;古今文献处理不当;教材层次单一;双语教学人才匮乏.提出教学改革的对策是:理论联系实践;教学科研渗透;加强教材建设;改进教学方法;运用多媒体手段;加强中西医结合;加强双语教学;创造机会,早动手、多动手;改革考试方法.