Assessment and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and in solid organ transplant: A multidisciplinary consensus conference by the Italian GITMO,SITO, and AMCLI societies

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients. In view of the uncertainties on the assessment and prevention of CMV infection in both transplant procedures, three Italian scientific societies for HSCT and SOT and for Clinical Microbiology appointed a panel of experts to compose a framework of recommendations. Recommendations were derived from a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature and from a multidisciplinary consensus conference process. The lack of adequate clinical trials focused on certain diagnostic procedures, and antiviral intervention forced the panel to use the methods of consensus for shaping some recommendations. Recommendations concerning the two types of transplant were given for the following issues: assessment of pretransplant CMV serostatus, immunological monitoring after transplant, CMV prophylaxis with antivirals, CMV preemptive strategy, and CMV prophylaxis with immunoglobulin infusion and with adoptive immunotherapy. The questions raised by and the recommendations resulting from this consensus conference project may contribute to the improvement of certain crucial aspects of the management of CMV infections in allo‐HSCT and in SOT populations.     

椎管内分娩镇痛护理循证实践方案的构建

目的构建基于循证的椎管内分娩镇痛护理实践方案。方法以Stetler证据应用模式为理论框架,通过典型机构的现场观察,梳理焦点问题,系统检索文献,提取证据及推荐意见,构建方案草案,进行专家论证,确定推荐等级,形成最终方案。结果方案包括分娩疼痛的评估及初步处理、椎管内分娩镇痛开始时机、镇痛前准备、镇痛期间的监护与管理、镇痛产妇的活动管理、饮食管理、镇痛结束时机7个方面共41条推荐意见,其中38条强推荐,3条弱推荐。结论构建椎管内分娩镇痛护理循证实践方案,有利于多学科助产团队在临床实践过程中达成一致,为下一步临床实施奠定基础。     

Obstetric anesthesia management of the patient with cardiac disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of maternal mortality in much of the developed world. Risk stratification models can predict which patients are at greatest risk for maternal or fetal morbidity or mortality. Particular cardiac diseases hold significant risk of mortality during pregnancy including pulmonary hypertension, aortic aneurysm, left-ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and severe cardiomyopathy. High-risk patients should deliver at high-resource hospitals under the care of experts in cardiology, obstetrics, perinatology, neonatology and anesthesiology. The obstetric anesthesiologist should formulate delivery plans for cardiac monitoring, labor analgesia, cesarean anesthesia, postpartum monitoring, as well as plans for obstetric or cardiac emergencies. Carefully co-ordinated multidisciplinary care of pregnant women with cardiac disease can result in successful outcomes.     

The comparative accuracy of a handheld and console ultrasound device for neuraxial depth and landmark assessment

BackgroundThe study aimed to compare the accuracy of epidural depth estimation of a handheld ultrasound device, with an integrated algorithm that estimates epidural depth (AU; Accuro, Rivanna Medical), to that of a console ultrasound machine (GU; GE LOGIC^TM S8).MethodsWomen requesting labor epidural analgesia consented to this prospective cohort study. The L2/3, L3/4, and L4/5 interspaces and the respective depths to the epidural space were identified, marked and measured using an AU and GU. An anesthesia provider who was blinded to ultrasound depth measurements performed epidural analgesia at one of the ultrasound identified insertion points and recorded the Tuohy needle depth at loss-of-resistance. Bland Altman analysis was used to measure the agreement between the epidural depths measured by the AU and GU.ResultsA total of 47 women were analyzed. The mean ± standard deviation body mass index of the study cohort was 29 ± 5 kg/m² [range 23–45]. The mean difference between the epidural depths measured by the AU and GU was −0.29 cm [95% limit of agreement 0.50 to −0.91]. The mean difference between the depth to the epidural space measured by the GU versus the needle depth was −0.33 cm [95% CI −0.49 to −0.16]. The previously reported AU versus needle depth was −0.61 cm [95% CI −0.79 to −0.44].ConclusionThe AU and GU provided comparable epidural depth estimates. The AU device may be a reasonable alternative to more sophisticated ultrasound devices in determining the epidural space and depth in a non-obese obstetric population.     

纳布啡与舒芬太尼在后腹膜镜术后镇痛效果的比较

目的观察和比较纳布啡和舒芬太尼在后腹膜镜下肾囊肿去顶术后镇痛中的临床效果。方法选择全身麻醉下后腹膜镜手术患者60例,男38例,女22例,年龄55～78岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,每组30例。术后所有患者均行PCIA,其中,纳布啡组镇痛药配方为纳布啡100 mg+托烷司琼10 mg;舒芬太尼组为舒芬太尼100μg+托烷司琼10 mg;均用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,背景输注速度2 ml/h,单次剂量1 ml,锁定时间15 min。记录给药后2、4、8、16、32 h和48 h的VAS疼痛评分和Ramsay镇静评分,镇痛泵按压次数,镇痛满意率以及术后不良反应发生情况。结果两组VAS疼痛评分、镇痛泵按压次数差异无统计学意义。与舒芬太尼组比较,给药后8～48 h纳布啡组Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P0.05),镇痛效果满意率明显提高(P0.05)。纳布啡组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于舒芬太尼组(P0.01)。两组低血压和心动过缓的发生率差异无统计学意义。结论纳布啡用于后腹膜镜术后静脉镇痛效果与舒芬太尼相当,但不良反应更少,患者满意度更高。     

个体化镇痛时机对硬膜外分娩镇痛效果的影响

目的观察提前预置硬膜外导管,根据产妇需要开始镇痛的个体化镇痛模式对分娩镇痛效果的影响。方法这是一项标签开放的随机对照研究。选择单胎、足月、头位妊娠初产妇,年龄18~35岁,随机分为两组。个体化组产妇在产程开始(出现规律宫缩、宫颈接近消失)行硬膜外穿刺置管,当产妇有镇痛需求且NRS评分≥5分时给予硬膜外镇痛;对照组在宫口开大1 cm时行硬膜外镇痛。主要研究终点是分娩过程最严重疼痛NRS评分及分娩时NRS评分≥7分产妇比例。结果194例产妇完成研究,分娩过程中两组最严重疼痛程度NRS评分[个体化组9(8~10)分vs对照组9(8~10)分,P=0.201]及分娩时NRS评分≥7分产妇比例[个体化组94例(96.9%)vs对照组89例(91.8%),P=0.121]差异均无统计学意义。两组不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义。结论对于单胎、足月、头位且产科评估可试行阴道分娩的产妇,根据产妇需求实施硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果与传统的镇痛时机(宫口开放1 cm)相当。     

连续与单次腹横肌平面阻滞用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术后镇痛的效果比较

目的比较连续腹横肌平面阻滞(CTAPB)与单次腹横肌平面阻滞(STAPB)用于腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)的术后镇痛效果。方法纳入拟行LC患者90例,分成对照组、S组和C组,每组30例,S组和C组患者气管插管后分别行STAPB和CTAPB,术毕三组患者均行患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA),记录三组患者术后1,6,12,24,48,72 h切口部位及腹部深处疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分,术后72 h内PCIA镇痛泵按压次数,术后麻醉不良反应发生情况和术后镇痛的满意度。结果 S组和C组患者术后1、6和12 h切口部位和腹部深处VAS评分均显著低于对照组患者(P0.05),S组和对照组患者术后24、48和72 h切口部位和腹部深处VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),C组患者术后24、48和72 h切口部位和腹部深处VAS评分显著低于S组和对照组患者(P0.05)。术后72 h内S组和C组患者PCIA按压次数均显著少于对照组患者(P0.05),C组患者术后PCIA镇痛泵按压次数显著少于S组患者(P0.05)。S组和C组患者术后恶心发生率均低于对照组患者(P0.05)。术后S组和C组患者满意度均高于对照组患者(P0.05),C组患者满意度高于S组患者(P0.05)。结论超声引导下CTAPB可有效增强LC术后患者的镇痛效果,减少患者阿片类药物使用,降低阿片类药物不良反应发生率,提高患者术后满意度,可作为LC术后较为理想的镇痛方式。     

超声引导下腰方肌阻滞用于全子宫切除术后镇痛的效果研究

目的观察超声引导下腰方肌阻滞用于全子宫切除术后镇痛的效果及不良反应。方法择期全身麻醉下进行的经腹全子宫切除术40例,年龄40~55岁,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,分为两组,每组20例,观察组为罗哌卡因组;对照组为0.9%氯化钠溶液组。手术后于超声引导下行双侧腰方肌阻滞。术后患者均携带经静脉自控止痛泵(PCIA)。比较两组于术后2 h、12 h、24 h、48 h静止和运动时的视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS),记录两组术后镇痛泵按压次数、病房止痛药物使用次数及剂量、患者下床活动时间、术后首次排气时间以及不良反应。结果与对照组相比:观察组在术后2 h、12 h、24 h的静态VAS评分低于对照组(P0.05),观察组在术后2 h、12 h、24 h、48 h的动态VAS评分低于对照组(P0.05),观察组在术后2 h、12 h、24 h镇痛泵的按压次数、镇痛泵用量低于对照组(P0.05),观察组在术后2 h、12 h、24 h的病房加用止痛药的次数和剂量较对照组少(P0.05),两组在下床活动时间、术后首次排气时间及疲乏、皮肤瘙痒、恶心呕吐等不良反应方面无明显差异,不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下腰方肌阻滞用于全子宫切除术术后镇痛,缓解术后疼痛效果良好,且无明显不良反应。     

不同剂量右美托咪定复合酒石酸布托啡诺在老年髋关节置换术后静脉自控镇痛中的效果

目的：探究不同剂量右美托咪定复合酒石酸布托啡诺在老年髋关节置换术后静脉自控镇痛中的效果。方法：选取2018 年6 月至2019 年6 月在河北北方学院附属第一医院择期行全髋关节置换术的患者60 例,年龄60~75 岁,随机分成三组（对照组C 组、实验组D1 组和D2 组）,每组20 例,术后均采用静脉自控镇痛（patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia,PCIA）,C 组的PCIA 泵的镇痛配方为酒石酸布托啡诺0.15 mg·kg-1;D1 组的镇痛配方为酒石酸布托啡诺0.15 mg·kg-1+ 右美托咪定1.5 μg·kg-1;D2 组的镇痛配方为酒石酸布托啡诺0.15 mg·kg-1+ 右美托咪定2.0 μg·kg-1,三组均用生理盐水稀释至100 mL,于手术结束后连接至患者,观察记录患者术后 4、8、24、36、48 h 的 VAS 评分、Ramsay 镇静评分、血压、心率、48 h 内不良反应发生情况及PCIA 有效按压次数。结果：与C 组相比,D1 组及D2 组各个时点的VAS 评分、Ramsay 镇静评分均优于C 组（P<0.05）,D1 组、D2 组患者各个时点的VAS 评分、Ramsay 评分均无明显差异（P>0.05）;与C 组相比,D1 组及D2 组患者的血流动力学指标波动程度均小于C 组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;C 组患者恶心、呕吐、头晕的发生率高于D1 组和D2 组（P<0.05）,D2 组患者低血压、心动过缓的发生率明显高于C 组和D1 组（P<0.05）;D1、D2 组的PCIA 有效按压次数明显少于C 组（P<0.05）。结论：1.5 μg·kg-1 右美托咪定复合0.15 mg·kg-1 酒石酸布托啡诺应用于老年髋关节置换术后PCIA 能产生可靠的镇痛效果,降低术后不良反应的发生率。     

加速康复外科指导下的多模式镇痛对开腹结肠癌患者术后恢复的影响

目的 探讨在加速康复外科(ERAS)理念指导下,应用多模式镇痛(MMA)对接受开腹结肠癌手术的患者术后恢复的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2018年7月~ 11月,南京大学医学院附属金陵医院普通外科62例行开腹结肠癌根治术的患者,其中多模式镇痛(MMA)组有31名患者,病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)组有31例患者。观察并比较两组患者术后的VAS评分、恢复情况及术后30 d并发症的发生率。 结果 MMA组患者对比PCIA组患者术后首次排气时间［(28.1±15.2)h vs(50.2±26.2)h,t=4.059,P<0.001］、首次排便时间［(38.9±19.4)h vs(62.6±25.8)h,t=4.085,P<0.001］、首次下床活动时间［(17.6±9.3)h vs(30.0±13.4)h,t=4.259,<0.001］、首次进食半流质时间［(21.3±9.5)h vs(60.6±27.0)h,t=7.652,P<0.001］及术后住院天数［(6.8±4.7)d vs(8.8±1.9)d,t=2.150,P=0.036］指标上均显示出优势;MMA组术后镇痛效果优于PCIA组;两组患者术后30 d内并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义。 结论 ERAS理念的指导下,开腹结肠癌患者术后应用MMA有利于术后的快速康复,镇痛效果好,且并未增加术后并发症的风险,是安全有效的。