Physiologic mechanism and preoperative prediction of new-onset dysphagia after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication

The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative physiologic factors can account for and be used to predict the development of postoperative dysphagia after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. One hundred sixty-three patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with a median follow-up of 14 months (range 6 to 81 months). Preoperative dysphagia was present in 37% (60 of 163) and was relieved in all but five patients (92%). Female sex (P = 0.01) and the presence of a stricture (P = 0.02) were the only preoperative variables associated with the presence of preoperative dysphagia. Eight percent (8 of 103) of patients without preoperative dysphagia developed new-onset dysphagia, and of these 63% (5 of 8) had a normal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (pressure >6 mm Hg; length >2 cm; abdominal length >1 cm). New-onset dysphagia was significantly more common in patients with a normal LES (22% [5 of 23] vs. 4% [3 of 80], P = 001). Patients with a normal LES had almost a sixfold increase in the risk of developing dysphagia as those with an abnormal LES (relative risk = 5.8). Only a preoperative normal LES (P = 0.02) or mean LES pressures (P = 0.04) were positively associated with the development of postoperative dysphagia. The severity of this dysphagia also showed a strong positive trend of increasing with mean preoperative LES pressures (P = 0.07). Finally, preoperative LES pressure significantly correlated with postoperative LES pressure (r = 0.48, P = 0.01) and with mean residual LES (nadir) pressure (r = 0.33, P = 0.05) offering insight into the mechanism of this dysphagia. In conclusion, preoperative LES parameters play a role in the development of dysphagia after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Patients with a normal LES or high mean LES pressures are at increased risk for developing this complication and should be informed of this before laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Presented at the Forty-Second Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Atlanta, Ga., May 20–23, 2001.     

Comparison of cyclizine and ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic day-case gynaecological surgery

Seventy-four patients undergoing laparoscopic gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to two groups receiving cyclizine 50 mg or ondansetron 4 mg at induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthetic and postoperative analgesia regimens were standardised. Approximately half of the patients in each group experienced some degree of postoperative nausea and vomiting (cyclizine, 56%; ondansetron, 54%). There was no difference between groups in respect of pre- and postdischarge incidence. Mean (SD) time to eye opening was significantly prolonged in the cyclizine group [10 (4) min vs. 8 (2) min; p < 0.001], but this had no influence on discharge times. Cyclizine and ondansetron appear equally effective in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting but the 10-fold price differential favours cyclizine.     

Early postoperative MRI in detecting hematoma and dural compression after lumbar spinal decompression: prospective study of asymptomatic patients in comparison to patients requiring surgical revision

Early postoperative MRI after spinal surgery is difficult to interpret because of confounding postoperative mass effects and frequent occurrence of epidural hematomas. Purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate prevalence, extent and significance of hematoma in the first postoperative week in asymptomatic patients after decompression for lumbar stenosis and to determine the degree of clinically significant dura compression by comparing with the patients with postoperative symptoms. MRI was performed in 30 asymptomatic patients (47 levels) in the first week after lumbar spine decompression for degenerative stenosis. Eleven patients requiring surgical revision (16 levels) for symptomatic early postoperative hematoma were used for comparison. In both groups the cross-sectional area of the maximum dural compression (bony stenosis and dural sac expansion) was measured preoperatively and postoperatively by an experienced radiologist. Epidural hematoma was seen in 42.5% in asymptomatic patients (20/47 levels). The median area of postoperative hematoma at the operated level was 176 mm² in asymptomatic patients and 365 mm² in symptomatic patients. The median cross-sectional area of the dural sac at the operated level was 128.5 and 0 mm² in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, respectively, at the site of maximal compression. In the symptomatic group 75% of the patients had a maximal postoperative dural sac area of 58.5 mm² or less, whereas in the asymptomatic group 75% of patients with epidural hematoma had an area of 75 mm² or more. The size of hematoma and the degree of dural sac compression were significantly larger in patients with symptoms needing surgical revision. Dural sac area of less than 75 mm² in early postoperative MRI was found to be the threshold for clinical significance.     

前列腺增生经尿道电切术近期出血的原因和处理

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗前列腺增生术后近期出血的原因与处理方法。方法对本院12年来前列腺增生经尿道电切术后近期出血的52例患者进行回顾分析其原因及止血方法。结果出血的原因主要有患者高龄、高危等和在治疗中处理失当等。41例经保守治疗而好转,11例经保守治疗无效,麻醉后重新置入电切镜,冲洗血凝块,充分电凝、止血后好转。结论全面的术前分析、准确的术中和术后处理,是减少前列腺增生患者TURP术后出血的关键。     

失效模式和效应分析在髋关节置换术后护理中的应用

目的探讨失效模式和效应分析(FMEA)在髋关节置换术后护理中的应用效果。方法将2009年1～6月收治的28例全髋关节置换术患者设为对照组,围手术期按骨科护理常规护理;2009年7～12月收治的30例髋关节置换术患者设为观察组,在围手术期除执行骨科护理常规外,还运用FMEA对髋关节置换术后可能发生脱位的失效模式进行前瞻性原因和操作流程分析、评估、计算,找出导致术后关节脱位的最高危因素及高危操作步骤,制定防范的优先行动计划和改进措施。结果观察组6个高危因子的危机值显著低于对照组(均P0.01);两组患者对防脱位相关知识掌握程度、住院时间、满意度比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。观察组住院期间人工关节未发生脱位,对照组发生脱位1例。结论应用FMEA对髋关节置换手术后患者进行评估、分析和采取相关措施,能有效防范风险,降低术后脱位的发生,提高护理质量,促进患者康复。     

双纵行切口在腋臭根治术中的应用

目的探讨双纵行切口腋臭根治术及其并发症防治方法。方法对100例腋臭患者采用双纵行切口行腋臭根治术,并分析其并发症原因及临床表现。结果术后10例12侧发生并发症,分别为术区感染（1例1侧）、切口部分裂开（1例双侧）、皮下血肿（3例3侧）、局部表皮坏死（2例2侧）、复发（3例4侧）。随访0.5-1年,有效者196侧,无效者4侧。结论双纵行切口腋臭根治术成功率高,并发症少;手术操作熟练程度及术后患者的配合直接关系到手术的成败。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症手术并发症探讨

[目的]探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（OPLL）手术主要并发症的原因及对策。[方法]对2002年3月~2006年5月85例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症手术治疗病例进行回顾性分析。其中连续长节段骨化行颈后路全椎板切除减压内固定68例,发生并发症13例;孤立型或短节段骨化行颈前路椎体次全切减压植骨内固定17例,发生并发症3例。[结果]术后获得随访66例,随访期3~25个月,平均13个月。颈后路并发症：颈肩痛8例,给予消炎止痛药、脱水、理疗等保守治疗,术后2~20周患者疼痛缓解,恢复基本满意,其主要原因与减压后脊髓漂移神经根受牵拉或手术操作导致神经根受刺激或损伤有关。2周内缓解者可能与手术创伤局部组织水肿肌肉痉挛所致。术后不全瘫或症状加重4例,经药物及高压氧等治疗,3例恢复理想,1例恢复欠佳,不全瘫发生主要与手术减压后脊髓再灌注损伤有关。术后血肿2例,均经及时发现即刻手术探查血肿清除、激素冲击治疗而获得恢复,术中止血不彻底或手术创面渗血、引流管引流失败是其主要原因。脑脊液漏1例,经脱水、局部适当包扎及颈部制动,于术后3d脑脊液漏停止,切口愈合良好。手术切口感染2例,经抗感染、局部清创缝合等治疗术后20d左右获得愈合。前路并发症：术后不全瘫2例,经甲强龙冲击,神经营养药（弥可保）、高压氧治疗,术后20~30d完全恢复;脑脊液漏1例。内置物相关并发症：前路钛网下沉1例,后路内固定螺钉脱落1例（单枚）。[结论]颈椎后纵韧带骨化无论行后路或前路手术可发生多种并发症,有些是难以避免的,而有些则是可以经过努力预防或杜绝的,术前准备充分,术中小心操作,术后加强管理,是减少后纵韧带骨化手术并发症的关键。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胃瘫的治疗体会

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)后胃瘫(postoperative gastroparesis syn-drome,PGS)的病因、发生机制及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析7例胰十二指肠切除术后PGS的临床资料及诊疗过程。结果PGS多发生于胰十二指肠切除术后7～14 d,经分阶段营养支持、改善胃肠动力等保守治疗,PGS均在术后4周内消除。结论胰十二指肠切除术后PGS的病因复杂,采取保守支持治疗是治疗胰十二指肠切除术后PGS的有效手段,分阶段营养支持是治疗的重要措施,不宜采用手术治疗。     

腰椎术后脑脊液漏的处理

1993年7月～2007年5月,我科共行腰椎手术429例,其中18例术后发生脑脊液漏,发生率4．2％,经积极处理后均治愈。     

肠梗阻导管在腹部术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗中的应用

目的探讨经鼻型肠梗阻导管在腹部术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗中的作用。方法对我院2004年6月至2006年6月期间40例腹部术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者,随机分成经鼻型肠梗阻导管组和鼻胃管组。观察腹胀改善情况(腹围)、胃肠减压量、腹部X线平片、气液平面消失时间等指标,对结果进行分析比较。结果经鼻型肠梗阻导管组患者的胃肠减压量(1021.2±265.4)ml/d较鼻胃管组(642.5±325.4)ml/d明显增多,且腹围(15.2±5.5)cm减少较鼻胃管组的(5.7±3.6)cm更明显,气液平面消失时间(10.3±8.5)d较鼻胃管组的(15.6±11.7)d明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经鼻型肠梗阻导管能更有效胃肠减压,减轻腹胀,促进肠蠕动,治疗腹部术后早期炎性肠梗阻作用显著。